WVSOM -- Histology -- Endocrine System
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| What are the two parts of the pituitary gland? | Adenohypopysis and neurohypophysis
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| What is adenohypopysis? | anterior portion of the pituitary gland that grows up from the roof of the mouth. It is the glandular portion.
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| What is the neurohypophysis? | a down growth of the brain, posterior portion of the gland.
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| What is the infundibulum? The stalk of the pituitary gland |
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| What are the three parts of the adenohypopysis? | Pars tuberalis, pars distalis and pars intermedia
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| What is the pars distalis? | anterior lobe of the pituitary, this is the largest part of the adenohypophysis
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| What are the acidophils of the pars distalis? | Somatotropes, mammothroph
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| What are somatotropes? | associated with growth hormone
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| What is GH? | up regulates metabolism and promotes long bone growth
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| What does too much GH result in? | Children – gigantism; adults – acromegaly
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| What inhibits GH? | somatostatin
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| What are mammotrophs? | secretes prolactin
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| What is prolactin? | stimulates growth of mammary glands, intitates and maintains lactation.
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| What are the basophils in the pars distalis? | Thyrotropes , corticotropes, gonadotropes
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| What are thyrotropes? | Secrete TSH
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| What is Thyroid-stimulating hormone? | TSH; stimulates production of thyroid hormones by follicular cells
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| What do corticotropes do? | produce ACTH (Adreno)corticotrophin
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| What does ACTH do? | stimulates glucocorticoid synthesis in zona fasciculate and zona reticularis of adrenals
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| What do gonadotropes produce? | FSH and LH
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| What is FSH? | Follicle stimulating hormone. Stimulates deveopement of ovarian follicles and production of androgen-binding protein in sertoli cells
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| What is LH? | Leutinizing hormone that stimulates steroidogenesis in ovarian follicles and corpus luteum. Controls the rate of testosterone synthesis by Leydig Cells
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| What are larger, basophils or acidophils in adenohypophysis? | basophils
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| What has more granules in adenohypophysis? | acidophils
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| What are neurohypophysis made of? | non-myelinated axon processes and pituicytes
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| What are pituicytes? | support cells of pars nervosa. Astrocyte-like glial cells
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| What are the non-myelinated axon processes cell bodies in neurohypophysis? | supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
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| What is secreted in the neurohypophysis? | ADH and oxytocin
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| What does ADH do? | anti-diuretic hormone. Stimulates water reabsorption in the renal medullary collecting ducts which increase water reabsoorption
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| What do oxytocin do? | stimulates smooth muscle contraction which causes milk ejection and uterine contractions (paraventricular nucleus)
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| What is the functional structural unit of the thyroid gland? | thyroid follicle
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| What are the two types of thyroid cells? | parafollicular cells and follicular cells
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| What are parafollicular cells? | C cells. Make calcitonin
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| What are follicular cells? | principal cells. Produce T4 and T3 hormones
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| What is colloid? | inactive storage form of thyroid hormone
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| Where are C cells found? | part of the follicular epithelium or as isolated clusters between thyroid follicles
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| What is calcitonin? | suppresses bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast activity.
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| What stimulates calcitonin? | elevated blood calcium levels
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| When is calcitonin suppressed? | when calcium concentration falls below normal
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| What is Grave’s disease? | hyperthyroidism. Hyperfucntion due to a circulating immunoglobulin that binds and perpetually activates the TSH receptor
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| What do T3 and T4 do? | increase cellular metabolism by stimulating carb metabolism and dcreasing synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides. Increases synthesis of fatty acids.
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| What does increased production of T3 and T4 result in? | weight loss, inc. heart rate, metabolism, respiration and appetite. Also cause muscle tremors, tiredness and frequent or excessive menstrual bleeding
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| What is hashimoto’s disease? | Autoimmune destruction of thyroid resulting in hypothyroidism. Thyroid is infiltrated with lymphocytes and plasma cells.
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| What 4 glands are situated on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland? | parathyroid glands
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| What are the 2 main cell types of the parathyroid gland? | chief cells and oxyphil cells
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| What do principle cells of the parathyroid do? | secrete PTH
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| What is PTH? | regulates phosphate and calcium levels (increases activity of osteoclasts)
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| What are oxyphil cells? | rounder…unknown function…have bizarre mitochondria
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| What two layers are in the suprarenal gland? | cortex and medulla
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| Where does the medulla arise from? | neural crest.
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| What kind of nerve cells are visible in the medulla? | symphathetic ganglionic nerve cells
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| What is blood supply to adrenal? | arterial supply to medulla and cortex are separate but venous drainage is combined
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| What zones are in the cortex? | glomerulosa, fasciculate, reticularis
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| What is the zona glomerulosa? | aldosterone secretion for regulating blood pressure. First layer under the capsule.
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| What is the Zona fasciculate? | second layer of cortex and the largest. Secretes glucocorticoids
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| What are glucocorticoids used for? | regulates carbohydrate metabolism and promotes elevation of blood glucose
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| What is the zona reticularis? | third layer next to medulla. Secrete gonadocorticoids
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| How do you remember the cortex order? | Salt, sugar, sex
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| What are gonadocorticoids? | DHEA, androstenedoine, weak androgens
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| How do you recognize the pineal gland? | brain sand
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| What does the pineal gland do? | controls 24 hour cycles and hormonal levels
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| What are the three cell types of the endocrine pancreas? | alpha cells, beta cells and delta cells
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| What are alpha cells? | produce glucagon
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| What are beta cells? | produce insulin
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| What are delta cells? | produce somatostatin
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| What color do alpha cells stain? | Red with Mallory-azan
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| What color do beta cells stain? | browinish-orange
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| What color do delta cells stain? | blue
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| What do enteroendocrine cells so? | belong to a diffuse neuroendocrine cells in the inetestines.
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| What can enteroendocrine cells secrete? | gastrin, CCK, secretin, VIP, GiP, motilin, and somatostatin
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| Whaere is gastrin secreted? Antrum and duodenum…a little in jejunum |
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| Where is CCK secreted? | duodenum, jejunum and ileum
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| Where is secretin secreted? | duodenum, jejunum and some from ilium
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| Where is VIP secreted? | everywhere in GI tract from fundus down
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| Where is GIP secreted? | duodenum and jejunum
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| Where is motilin secreted? | duodenum and jejunum
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| Where is somatostatin secreted? | everywhere in GI from fundus down
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Created by:
tjamrose