biology ch. 2 test
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| basic unit of matter | atom
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| name the subatomic particles that make up atoms | protons, neutrons, electrons
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| made up of protons and neutrons, at the center of the atom | nucleus
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| negatively charged particle with 1/1840 the mass of a proton | electron
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| a chemical________ is a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom | element
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| atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain | isotopes
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| the reason isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties | because they have the same number of electrons
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| a chemical___________ is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions | compound
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| the chemical bond in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another is called a(n)_____________bond | ionic
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| he two main types of chemical bonds | ionic and covalent
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| a(n)_____________ bond forms when electrons are shared between atoms | covalent
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| the smallest unit of most compounds | molecule
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| intermolecular forces of attraction | van der waals forces
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| why a water molecule is polar | there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms
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| why polar molecules can attract to each other | because of their partial positive and negative charges
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| attraction between molecules of the same substance | cohesion
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| attraction between molecules of different substances | adhesion
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| material composed of two or more elements mixed together but not chemically combined | mixture
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| mixture in which all he components are evenly distributed throughout | solution
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| the substance that is dissolved | solute
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| the substance in which the solute dissolves | solvent
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| mixtures of water and nondissolved material | suspension
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| what the pH scale indicates | the concentration of H+ ions in a solution
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| contain higher concentrations of H+ ions in a solution and have pH values below 7 | acidic solutions
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| contain lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values above 7 | basic solutions
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| weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids of bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH | buffers
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| smaller units, or __________, join together to form __________ | monomers, polymers
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| name the four groups of organic compounds found in living things | proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
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| compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms | carbohydrates
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| Living things use ___________ as their main source of energy | carbohydrates
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| Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for what? | structural purposes
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| the monomers in starch polymers are _______ ___________ | sugar molecules
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| single sugar molecules | monosaccharides
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| large macromolecules formed by monosaccharides | polysaccharides
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| made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms | lipids
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| name three things lipids are used for | to store energy, as biological membranes, as waterproof coverings
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| macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen carbon, and phosphorous | nucleic acids
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| nucleic acids are polymers assembled from monomers known as _______ | nucleotides
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| name the three parts nucleotides consist of | a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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| what do nucleic acids do | store and transmit genetic information
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| name the two kinds of nucleic acids | RNA DNA
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| macromolecules containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen | proteins
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| proteins are polymer of molecules called __________ ________ | amino acids
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| what do proteins do | control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes, form bones and muscles, transport substances into or out of cells or help fight diseases
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| _________enter into a chemical reaction and ______ are the elements or compounds produces | reactants, products
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| a ________ _________ is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals | chemical reaction
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| chemical reactions always involve the _____________ in reactants and the ______________ in products | breaking of bonds, forming of new bonds
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| chemical reactions that ______ energy often occur spontaneously. chemical reactions that ________energy will not occur without | release. absorb, without a source of energy
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| energy that is needed to get a reaction started | activation energy
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| substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy | catalyst
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| proteins that act as biological catalysts | enzymes
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| what do cells use enzymes for? | to speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells
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| the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions | substrates
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