chapter 2 lesson 3 civilization of Mesopotamia
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| what happened as the city-states all over the Mesopotamia kept growing in area and populatiion? | Conflict among the city-states increased.
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| What did city-states compete with one another to control? | land and water sources
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| conquer | to take over - specifically to take over the land of other
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| why were some people fighting wars in Mesopotamia? | to conquer the land of others
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| why were most wars among early argricultural socities(such as Mesopotamia) fought? | to protect farmland and water rights
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| describe the ladn between the tigirs and euphrates rivers | flat
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| how did city-states mark their boundaries and why | they would put up pillars because no natural boundaries - such as mountains - separated the city-states so they had to mark their borders
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| what happened when one city-state removed/destroyed another's pillars? | violated both the decree orders of the gods adn the word given by man to man - and often led to war
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| what did the need for weapons result in? | technology
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| what is a war chariot and who created them? | a light, 2 wheeled cart pulled by horsesmade by craftworkers
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| what did the new technolgies - such as the war chariot - result in and why? | more deaths in battlefrom a fast moving chariot a soldire could speedy by adn throw spears or shoot arrows at an enemy who was on foot.
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| what was the major cause war among the mesopotamia people | to protect farmland and water rights
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| who is the first know conqueror in mesopotamia | a warrior named Sargon - parents were nomads from northern mesopotomia
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| What did Sargon do as a young man? | he served as an offical in teh Suemriann city-state of Kish
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| how did Sargon rise in power? | He killed the king of Kish and took control of the city-state. He then gathered an army and march trhough Mesopotamia establishing an empire.
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| what is an empire? | a conquered land of many peoples and places goverend by one ruler
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| Who was mesopotamia's first emperor? | Sargon
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| what is an emporer? | a ruler of an empire.
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| what did sargon build in the middle of his empire? | a capital city called Akkad
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| what did Sargon's empire became know as? | Akkadian and the people Akkadians.
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| were the akkadians Sumerians ilke Sargon? | No but they adopted teh Sumerian culture
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| why did Sargon order every bounary pillar and city wall to be torn down? | as a sign of his conquest.
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| how long did sargon rule? | 55 years.
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| how sargon maintain his rule? | by force and organization
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| how was Sargon's army different than armies before his? | His were a standing army in which the soldiers were paid and served for long periods - before Sargon soldiers would only serve during war time.
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| who did Sargon appoint as governors and why? | he appointed loyal nobles as governors to control the conquered cities.
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| what sargon an effective ruler? | yes and his empire was well organized.
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| how far did the akkadian empire stretch by 2300 b.c. | from what is now Iran westward to teh mediterranean sea.
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| when the empire finally weakened, the city statees found themselves between what two centers of power? | assyria and babylonia
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| who is hammurabi? | king of the city state of babylon
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| when was hammurabi king of bablyon | from 1790 through 1750 b.c.
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| what areas did hammurabi conquer during his kingdom? | he conquered and reunited most of mesopotamia adn the upper valley of hte tigris and euphrates rivers.
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| in conquering so much land - what did hammurbi accomplish? | he creaeted a large empire.
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| what was Hammurabi's empire known as? | the Babylonian empire.
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| was Hammurabi just a military leader?If not, what did he do? | No - like Sargon he was much more - he improved each city state by (1) promoting trade (2) building projects (3) keeping up dikes adn canals.
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| What happened to Babylon under Hammurabi? | it thrived as a center for trade.
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| what was Hammurabi's most important achievements? | his reorgnization of mesopotamia's system of taxation?
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| What is taxation? | under a system of taxation, people are required to pay taxes (money) to support hte government.
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| why did Hammurabi make changes to the tax system? | to make sure everyone paid his fair share.
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| how did Hammurabi collect the taxes and what did he do with the money? | he sent tax colletors travelling throughout the region to collect the tax money. The money was spent for Hammurabi's improvements.
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| what is Hammurabi probably most remember for? | for changing the laws of his land.
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| What did Hammarubi do to the laws of his land? | Each city state had its own set of laws. Hammarubi collected all of hte laws, sorted through them and came up with one complete listing of the laws.
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| what are the laws Hammarubi came up with called? | teh Code of Hammurabi.
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| What is the Code of Hammurabi? | a complete listing of all of the laws of each city state in the Babylonian empire - put together by Hammurabi.
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| How many laws did the Code of Hammurabi have? | 282
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| Did the laws only cover certain topics? | No - they covered almost every part of daily life. Marriage, divorce, adoption, slaves, murder, stealing, military service, land, business, lonas, prices adn wages.
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| The old laws before the Code of Hammurabi were complicated and unfair - how did Hammurabi fix this? | The Code of Hammurabi explaiend the laws in clear staements and set standard punishments.
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| Some of the laws in the Code of Hammurabie followed the idea of "an eye for an eye" - what does that mean? | that whoever caused an injury should be punished with that same injury. so if someone borke another's arm in a fight, he would be punished by having his arm broken.
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| who ruled around 1600 bchow long did they rule | the kassites400 years
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| who gained control next | Assyrian Empire
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| who conquered the Assytian Empire | the Medes
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| why did the Assyrians seed more land | to build trade
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