Prentice Hall Inside Earth
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| earthquake | the shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface
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| stress | a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume
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| shearing | stress that pushes a mass of rock in opposite directions
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| tension | stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle
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| compression | stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks
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| deformation | a change in the volume or shape of Earth's crust
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| fault | a break in Earth's crust where slabs of rock slip past each other
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| strike-slip fault | a type of fault where rocks on either side move past each other sideways (horizontally) with little up-or-down motion as a result of shearting
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| normal fault | a type of fault where the hanging wall slides downward below the footwall as a result of tension
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| reverse fault | a type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward above the footwall as a result of compression
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| Elastic rebound | the tendency of a deformed rock along a fault to spring back after an earthquake.
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| Foreshocks | small earthquakes that happen prior to a major earthquake
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| seismogram | written record of ground motion during an earthquake - records all three seismic waves - P, S, Surface
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| seismic gap | an area along a fault where no earthquake activity has been recorded for a long period of time.
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| creep meter | measures horizontal movement of the ground
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| hanging wall | the block of rock that forms the upper half of a fault
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| footwall | the block of rock that forms the lower half of a fault
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| focus | the point benearth Earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and causes an earthquake
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| epicenter | the point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus
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| seismic waves | a vibration that travels through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake
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| P waves | a type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground - primary wave
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| S waves | a type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side - secondary wave
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| Surface waves | a type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth's surface
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| seismograph | a device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth
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| magnitude | the measurement of an Earthquake's strength based on sismic waves and movement along faults.
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| Mercalli scale | a scale that rates earthquakes according to their intensity and how much damage they cause
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| Richter scale | a scale that rates seismic waves as measured by a particular type of mechanical seismograph
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| moment magnitude scale | a scale that rates earthquakes by estimating the total energy released by an earthquake
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| liquefaction | the process by which an earthquake's violent movement suddenly turns loose soil into liquid mud
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| aftershock | an earthquake that occurs after a large earthquake in the same area
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| tsunamis | a large wave produced by an earthquake on the ocean floor
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| Tiltmeter | measures tilting of the ground - similar to a level. Measurements are compared to calculate movement.
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| geologist | scientists that study the forces that make and shape Earth.
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| Lithosphere | rigid layer that consists of the uppermost layer of the mantle and the crust. Floats on top of the astheonosphere.
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| Astheonosphere | lower portion of the mantle is hotter and under more pressure - material is soft and flexible
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