WVSOM GI Absorbtion of proteins, carbs, and fats
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| Proteins are broken down to what before they are absorbed | amino acids
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| Surcose is broken down to what before it is absorbed | glucose and fructose
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| What else besides bring enzymes into contact with the food, does mixing accomplish | brings food in contact with brush border
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| What are fats broken down into | Free FA's and 2-monoglyceride
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| Most absorbtion takes place where? | duodenum
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| Where is B12 absorbed | ilium
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| where does digestion begin | mouth via salivary amylase
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| what types of bond does amylase break | 1,4 glycosidic
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| what pH does amylase work best at | 7
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| Amylase is secreted in what form. Active or inactive | active
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| Glucoamylase (maltase) does what | removes glucose monomers for transport from maltotriose or maltose
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| What are the products of amylase digestion | maltose, maltotriose, and a-limit dextrin
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| SGLT1 does what | acts as a co-transporter for glucose/galactose and Na+
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| GLUT5 is a channel for what monomer | fructose
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| GLUT2 does what | moves all monomers into the interstital space from the epithelial cells
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| What is the absorbtion of monomers driven by | The gradient created by basolaeral tranport
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| Poor nutrient absorbtion can be caused by what | maldigestion OR malabsorbtion (or both)
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| Meals high in sugar tend to have early or delayed gastric emptying | delayed
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| What is the rate limiting step of absorbtion | Uptake, not hydolysis
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| Regulators of intestinal phase | CCK, Vagus, and Secretin
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| Name three endopeptidases | Trypsin, chymotrypsin, Elastase
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| Name two carboxypeptidases | Carboxypeptidase A and B
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| Enterokinase is relased from the brushborder by what | bile salts
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| Trypsin acts as an inhibitor and | activator
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| What is the precusor to Trypsin | Trypsinogen
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| What is the precursor to chymotrypsin | chymotrypsinogen
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| Is the release of pancreatic proteases sufficent to to prepare all proteins for absorbtion | NO!
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| Are pancreatic proteases secreted in an active or inactive form | inactive
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| What activates pancreatic protease precursors | trypsinogen activaition by enterokinase
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| What must happen to olgiopeptides for them to cross the basolateral border | Cleavage into single aminoacids
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| Olgiopeptides are co-tranported with what to cross into the epithelium | H+
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| Amino acids are co-tranported with what to cross into the epithelium | Na+
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| Are larger or smaller peptides absorbed faster | larger
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| Too much build up of cholesterol and/or billirubin can cause the formation of what | stones
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| Is the reabsorbtion of NaCl and bicarb in the gallbladder isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic | isotonic
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| What are the five processes in lipid assimilation | 1. Secretion of Bile and various lipases2. Emuslification3. Ezymatic hydrolysis of ester bonds4. Solubilization of lipolytic products within bile salts micelles5. Transportation into and out of the enterocyte
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| What is emulsification | suspension of fat droplets
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| What does emulsification do | increases surface area of lipids
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| Which two lipases are acid tolerable | lingual lipase and food lipases
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| Does CCK inhibit or activate gastric emptying | inhibits
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| ACh causes a _______ of the gallbladder | release
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| Fat stimulates the release of ______ | CCK
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| Acid stimulates the release of ________ | secretin
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| Acinar cells release ________ | enzymes
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| Ductal and centroacinar cells release_______ | H20 and Bicarb
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| Problems with lipid digestion can be associated with which vitamins | A, E and D
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| What are the endogenous lipids | Cholesterol, phospholipids, and desquamated intestinal villus epithelial cells
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| What are the exogenous lipids | Triglycerides (90%), cholesterol, phospholipids
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| What are fatty acids and other lipid degredation products eventually converted into | triglycerides
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| Where do fat droplets form in the cell | smooth ER
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| Apoproteins are made in the ________ and then trnasported to the sER to associate with ________ | rER, lipids
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| In what cell organelle are colymicrons and VLDL's made | Golgi (does glycosalation)
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| What molecules pass through the enterocyte and go directly to the blood | glycerol along with short and medium chain fatty acids
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| Most fat absorbtion is done in which part of the small intestine | Duodenum
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| Whipples disease is.... | Inability to get colymicrons to the lympthatics
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