GastroIntestinal Review
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What are rugae? | folds in the stomach; secretes hydrochloric acid and enzymes
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What are the accessory organs of the GI system? | liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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What are the four divisions of the colon? | ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
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What are the functions of the Liver? | Produce bile; Remove glucose from blood; Store vitamins B12, A, D, E, AND K; Destroy or transform toxic products; Maintain glucose levels; Destroy old RBCs; Synthesize proteins that circulate in the blood
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What are the three main components of the large intestine? | cecum (1st 2-3"); Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid); rectum
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What are the 3main parts of the stomach? | Fundas (upper portion); body (large central portion); pylorus (funnel-shaped portion)
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What are the 2 structures that form the roof of the mouth? | hard and soft palate
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what is the medical term for the mouth? | oral cavity
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What is another name for the GI Tract? | alimentary canal
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What are villi? | microscopic, finger-like projections in the small intestine (absorb nutrients)
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Where does peristalsis occur? | from the pharynx to the anus
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Where is digestion completed? | small intestine
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What is a volvolus? | A life-threatening obstruction in which the bowel twists on itself
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What are hemorrhoids? | Enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the anal canal
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What causes Hepatitis A? | Ingestion of contaminated food, water or milk
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What is diverticulosis? | Small, blister-like pockets develop in the inner lining of the large intestine
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What is ulcerative colitis? | Chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum
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Where are ulcers commonly found? | stomach and duodenum
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Where do inguinal hernias develop? | In the groin where the abdominal folds of flesh meet the thighs
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Which large intestine disorder is associated with a higher risk of colon cancer? | Ulcerative colitis
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Ba | Barium
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BaE, BE | Barium Enema
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BM | Bowel Movement
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BMI | Body Mass Index
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CF | Cystic Fibrosis
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CT | Computed Tomography
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EGD | EsophagoGastroDuodenoscopy
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ERCP | Endoscopic Retrograde CholangioPancreatography
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GB | GallBladder
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GERD | GastroEsophageal Reflux Disease
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GI | GastroIntestinal
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HBV | Hepatitis B Virus
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IBS | Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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LFT | Liver Function Tests
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PE | Physical Examination
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PMH | Past Medical History
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PUD | Peptic Ulcer Disease
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R/O | Rule Out
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RGB | Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
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STAT | immediately
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ulcer | A lesion of the skin or mucous membrane which frequently develops in the duodenum or stomach
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occult blood | A test in which stool samples are collected to determine gastrointestinal bleeding
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ascites | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
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hernia | Abnormal protrusion of an organ or tissue through the structures that normally contain it
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deglutition | Act of swallowing
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gall bladder | An organ below the liver which stores and empties bile through its ducts into the small intestine
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pancreas | An organ which uses ducts to provide exocrine secretions to the duodenum to aid in digestion
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regurgitation | Backward flowing, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach
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mastication | Chewing
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fecalith | Fecal concretion
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cecum | First 2-3" of the large intestine
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ascending colon | First portion of the colon, extending from the lower border of the liver
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cholelithiasis | Formation of gallstones
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flatus | Gas in the GI tract
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ulcerative colitis | Inflammation and ulceration of the innermost lining of the colon
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diverticulitis | Inflammation of a sac-like bulge that may develop in the wall of the large intestine
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stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth of (or?) the stomach
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anorexia | Lack of or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat
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rectum | Last portion of the GI tract
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ileum | Lower division of the small intestine
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serum bilirubin | Measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood
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halitosis | Offensive or "bad" breath
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proctologist | One who specializes in diseases of the colon, rectum and anus
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Melena | Passage of dark-colored, tarry stools, due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices
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steatorrhea | Passage of fat in large amounts in the feces
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celiac | Pertaining to the abdomen
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buccal | Pertaining to the cheek
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lithotripsy | Procedure for crushing a strone
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eructation | Producing gas from the stomach
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peristalsis | Progressive, wave-like movement
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upper GI series | Radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach and small intestine
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lower GI series | Radiographic examination of the rectum and colon
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cholecystography(/gram) | Radiographic record of the gallbladder
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borborygmus | Rumbling or gurgling stomach noises, that are audible at a distance
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cirrhosis | Scarring and dysfunction of the liver
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jejunum | Second division of the small intestine
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transverse colon | Second portion of the colon that passes horizontally across the abdomen toward the spleen
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obstipation | Severe constipation
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pyloric stenosis | Stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter
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enterostomy | Surgical formation of an opening from the small intestine through the abdominal wall
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ileostomy | Surgical formation of an opening from the ileum through the abdominal wall
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cheiloplasty | Surgical repair of the lip
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aerophagia | Swallowing air
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liver | The largest glandular organ
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diarrhea | The passage of unformed, watery bowel movements
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ingest | To eat
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hematemesis | Vomiting of blood
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malabsorption | When nutrients are digested but are not taken in by the intestinal tissues
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(oral) leukoplakia | White patches that form on the tongue, lips or cheek
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