Physiology - Neurophysiology Exam 04 Part 04
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| gathers sound waves. also helps determine location of sounds in vertical space | pinna (auricle)
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| conducts sound waves to tympanic membrane | external auditory canal
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| vibrates (moves inward and back) at the frequency of the sound wave, with the magnitude of movement related to loudness. conducts sound waves to the middle ear, and converts sound energy to mechanical displacements | tympanic membrane (cardum)
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| Middle ear consists of these 3 small bones: | malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup)
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| stiff and narrow, sensitive to high frequency | base
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| floppy and wide, sensitive to low frequency | apex
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| ear wax, fluid, perforation of tympanic membrane, ostosclerosis | conductive hearing loss (external or middle ear)
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| noise, drugs, presbycusis, tumors | sensorineural hearing loss (inner ear)
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| ototoxicity | hearing loss associated with drugs
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| ringing in ears, or perception of sound w/o stimulus. this can be caused by a # of CNS deficits, not just auditory problems | tinnitus
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| conscious and unconscious sense of posture and balance by monitoring head movements | proprioception
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| adjust muscular contraction to maintain posture and balance | motor control
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| adjust eye movements so that visual target remains on retina in response to head movements | vestibuloocular reflex
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| each canal has a bulge called? | ampulla
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| a sheet of cells within the ampulla contains hair cells similar to those in the cochlea | crista
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| the cilia of these hair cells, similar to the macula in the utricle and saccule, contain one? along with other shorter? | kinocilium and stereocilia
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| the cilia project into a gelatinous mass called? that extends across the ampulla | cupola
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| moves the eye laterally, toward the ear (abduction) | lateral rectus CNVI
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| moves the eye medially, toward the nose (adduction) | medial rectus CNIII
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| eye move together | conjugate eye movements
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| fast movement of the eye from one fixation point to another | saccades
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| slow movements that track a target across the visual field | smooth pursuit
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| this the reflex that maintains a visual image on the retina during head turning. it does by automatically adjusting eye postion for the movement of the head. thus, if the head turns toward left, eyes move toward right | vestibuloocular reflex
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| illusion of movement, typically spinning | vertigo
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| excess endolymph produces excessive force on the hair cells. result can be deafness, tinnitus, and vertigo | meniere's disease
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| often caused by a mismatch b/w vestibular signals | motion sickness
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| attached to the basilar membrane is ? which are the receptor cells for hearing? | hair cells
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| at the ends of hair cells are? that attach to the tectorial membrane | stereocilia
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| what projects from the edge of the cochlea? | tectorial membrane
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| the malleus is attached to the ? | tympanic membrane
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| the stapes is attached to the ? | oval window
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| what connects the malleus and the stapes? | incus
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| has a high concentration of Na+ and low conc of K+ | perilymph
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| has a high conc of K+ and low conc. of Na+ | endolymph
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| also contains K+ channels and tip links that connect stereocilia in a given hair cell? | stereocilia
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| stereocilia in a vertical position, have enough stress that the ? | some of the K+ channels are still open
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| b/c of high K+ in the endolymph what happens? | K+ moves into cell and depolarizes it
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| in the neutral position the hair cells are slightly? | depolarized
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| if the stereocilia bend toward the tallest stereocilia, tension of tip lengths is enhanced causing? | more K+ channels open and depolarization happens
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| if the stereocilia bend toward the shortest stereocilia, less tension of tip lengths, what happens? | K+ channels close causing hyperpolarization
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| the ? of sound is mainly encoded by which neurons are excited | frequency
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| ? is coded by the frequency of action potentials and number of neurons activated by sound | loudness
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| horizontal side to side localization | superior olivary nucleus
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| vertical up and down localization | pinna
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| the otoliths are composed of crystals of? | calcium carbonate
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| otolith organs contain? | utricle and saccule
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| conscious and unconscious sense of posture and balance by monitoring head movements | proprioception
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| adjust muscular contraction to maintain posture and balance | motor control
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| adjust eye movements so that visual target remains on retina in response to head movements | vestibuloocular reflex
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| movement of cilia toward the kinocilium, hair cell? | depolarizes
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| movement of cilia away from kinocilium the hair cell? | hyperpolarizes
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| both structures of the otolith organs contain this sensor epithelium called? | macula
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| the cilia of hair cells contain one long cilium with a bulbous end that is called? | kinocilium
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| the cilia of hair cells also contain multiple? | stereocilia
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| all cilia project into gelatinous substance which contains? | otoliths
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