Chapter 11 & 12 Major & Trace Minerals
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| Sources of Calcium | dairy products, fish consumed with bones, green leafy vegetables, and fortified foods
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| Functions of Calcium | Bone and tooth structure, nerve transmissions, muscle contractions, blood clotting, blood pressure regulation, hormone secretion
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| Calcium deficiency | Increased risk of Osteoporosis
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| Groups @ risk of deficiency | Postmenopausal women, elderly people, a vegan diet, lactose intolerant, kidney disease
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| Toxicity of Calcium | Elevated blood calcium and kidney stones
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| Upper Intake Level of calcium | 2000-2500 mg/day food and supplements
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| Sources of Phosphorus | Meat, dairy, cereals, baked goods
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| Function of Phosphorus | structure of bones and teeth, membranes, ATP & DNA, acid base balance.
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| Deficiency of Phosphorus | Premature infants, alcoholics, elderly people
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| Toxicity of Phosphorus | None likely
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| Is there an Upper Intake Level of Phosphorus? | Yes! 4000 mg/day
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| Sources of Magnesium | Greens, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds
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| Function of Magnesium | Bone structure, ATP stabilizer, enzyme activity, nerve and muscle function
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| Deficiency of Magnesium | Nausea, vomiting, weakness, muscle pain, heard changes
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| Groups @ risk of Magnesium | Alcoholics, individuals with kidney or gastrointestinal disease
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| Toxicity of Magnesium | Nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure
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| Is there an Upper intake Level of Magnesium? | Yes! 350mg/day from nonfood source
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| Sources of Sulfur | Protein foods, preservatives,
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| Function of Sulfur | Part of some amino acids and vitamins, acid base balance
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| Deficiency in Sulfur | None when protein needs are met
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| Groups @ risk of Sulfur deficiency | None
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| Toxicity to Sulfur | None likely
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| Is there an Upper Intake Level of Sulfur? | N/A
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| What kind of mineral is Magnesium | Major Mineral
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| What kind of mineral is Sulfur | Major Mineral
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| what kind of mineral is Calcium classified as | Major
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| what kind of mineral is Phosphorus classified as | Major
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| what kind of a mineral is Iron Classified as | Trace
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| what kind of a mineral is Zinc Classified as | Trace
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| what kind of a mineral is Copper Classified as | Trace
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| what kind of a mineral is Manganese Classified as | Trace
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| what kind of a mineral is Selenium Classified as | Trace
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| what kind of a mineral is Iodine Classified as | Trace
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| what kind of a mineral is Chromium Classified as | Trace
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| what kind of a mineral is Fluoride Classified as | Trace
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| what kind of a mineral is Molybdenum Classified as | Trace
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| Sources of Iron | Red meats, leafy greens, dried fruits, whole & enriched grains
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| Functions of Iron | part of hemoglobin, delivery of oxygen, myoglobin which holds oxygen in muscle, electron carriers in the transport chain, needed for immune function
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| Iron deficiency | Iron deficiency anemia, fatigue, weakness, small pale RBCs, and low hemoglobin
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| Groups @ risk for Iron deficiency | infants, preschool children, adolescents, women of childbearing age, pregnant women, athletes, an vegetarians.
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| Iron Toxicity | Gastrointestinal upset & liver damage
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| Is there an Upper Intake Level of Iron? | Yes! 45mg/day
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| Zinc Sources | Meat, seafood, whole grains and eggs
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| Functions of Zinc | Regulates protein synthesis, functions in growth/development/wound healing, immunity, and antioxidant protection
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| Toxicity of Zinc | Decreases copper absorption & depressed immune function
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| Groups @ risk for Zinc deficiency | Vegetarians, low income children, elderly
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| Is there an Upper intake level for zinc | Yes! 40mg/day
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| Copper sources | organ meat, nuts, seeds, whole grains, seafood, cocoa
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| functions of copper | a part of proteins needed for iron absorption, lipid metabolism, collagen synthesis, nerve and immune function, and antioxidant protection
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| Deficiency in Copper | anemia, poor growth, bone abnormalities
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| Toxicity of Copper | vomiting
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| Groups @ risk of Copper deficiency | those who over supplement zinc
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| Is there an Upper intake level of Copper? | Yes! 10mg/day
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| Manganese source | nuts, legumes, whole grains, tea
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| Functions of Manganese | carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and antioxidant protection
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| Manganese deficiency | growth retardation
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| groups @ risk for manganese deficiency | None
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| Toxicity of Manganese | Nerve damage
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| Is there an Upper intake level of Manganese? | Yes! 11mg/day
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| Sources of Selenium | Organ meats, seafood, eggs, whole grains
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| Functions of Selenium | Antioxidant protection as part of glutathione peroxidase, sythesis of thyroid hormones; spares vitamin E
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| Deficiency of Selenium | Muscle pain, weakness, Keshan disease
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| Groups @ risk for Selenium Deficiency | populations of low selenium
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| Toxicity of Selenium | nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, hair and nail changes
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| Is there an Upper intake Level for Selenium? | Yes! 400 ug/day
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| Sources of Iodine | iodized salt, salt water fish, seafood, dairy products
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| Functions of Iodine | needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones
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| Deficiency of iodine | Goiter, cretinism, intellectual disability, growth and development abnormalties
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| Groups @ risk for Iodine deficiency | populations in areas with low iodine soil and iodized salt is not used
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| Toxicity of Iodine | Enlarged thyroid
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| Is there an Upper Intake level of Iodine? | Yes! 1110 ug/day
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| Chromium sources | brewers yeast, nuts, whole grains, mushrooms
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| Functions of Chromium | enhances insulin action
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| Deficiency of Chromium | High blood glucose
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| Groups @ risk of Chromium deficiency | malnourished children
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| Toxicity of Chromium | N/A
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| Is there an Upper intake level Chromium? | N/A
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| Sources of Fluoride | fluoridated water, tea, fish, toothpaste
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| Functions of Fluoride | strengthens tooth enamel, enhances remineralization of tooth enamel, reduces acid production by bacteria in mouth
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| Deficiency of Fluoride | Increased risk of dental caries
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| Groups @ risk of Fluoride deficiency | Population without fluoride water
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| Fluoride toxicity | mottled teeth, kidney damage, bone abnormalties
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| Is there an Upper intake level for Fluoride? | Yes! 10 mg/day
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| Sources of Molybdenum | milk, organ meats, grains legumes
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| Functions of Molybdenum | cofactor for enzymes
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| Deficiency of Molybdenum | Unknown in humans
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| Groups @ risk of Molybdenum deficiencies | None
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| Toxicity of Molybdenum | Arthritis and joint inflammation
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| Is there an Upper intake level Molybdenum? | Yes! 2mg/day
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