Chapter 10 Water and Electrolytes
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| Why is water essential | must be consumed for survival, blood is 90% water
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| Polar bodies of water | H is(+) and O is (-)
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| Function of Water | lubricates, cleanses, regulates body temperature, metabolic reactions such as condensation and hydrolysis, maintains acid base balance.
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| High arteriole pressure | pushes water out of capillaries into the tissues
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| Low venous pressure | brings water back into the capillaries from tissues
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| Thirst mechanism- 1st sign | brain detects decrease in volume and increase of concentration of dissolved substances in blood.
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| Thirst mechanism-2nd sign | Dry mouth = no water for saliva
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| Thirst mechanism- 3rd sign | Dry mouth + brain = tells person to drink
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| Thirst mechanism- 4th sign | Person drinks, increases blood volume and decreases concentration of dissolved substances.
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| What gland releases ADH? | pituitary gland
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| How does ADH function? | decrease blood vol and increase concentration vol ADH signals kidneys to absorb MORE water, less water lost in urine.
ANTI-DIURETIC=(holding onto water)
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| Symptoms of dehydration | fastest nutrient deficiency
1-2% = weight loss, heachache, fatigue, loss of appetite, dry eyes/mouth dark urine
5%= nausea & difficulty concentrating
7%= confusion, disorientation
10-20% = death
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| How many liters do men need? | 3.7
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| How many liters to women need? | 2.7
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| Factors to increase water intake | weather, activity level, environment temp, humidity, diet
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| Electrolytes | Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride
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| Function of electrolytes | affects water distribution within the body, are essential to life, they are positive and negative need a proper balance
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| Functions of the Sodium Potassium Pump | Active Transport System, maintains concentration gradient = nerve conduction and muscle contraction
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| Where are electrolytes regulated? | Kidneys
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| What can cause deficiency in electrolytes? | fluid loss and medications
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| What are causes of electrolyte toxicity? | Renal failure & potassium supplements
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| Why is sodium toxicity rare? | Fluid is usually increased to compensate
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| What is hypertension | increase of blood pressure against the arterial wall
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| Sources of water | drinking water, drinking other beverages, and wet foods
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| functions of water | solvant, reactant, protector, transporter, regulates body temp and PH
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| Effects of a water deficiency... | dk urine, weakness, low endurance, confusion, and disorientation
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| groups @ risk of water deficiency | infants, people with fever, vomiting & diarrhea, elderly, athletes
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| What can occur with a water toxicity... | confusion, coma, convulsions
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| Is there an UL for H2O? | N/A
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| Sources of sodium | Table salt, processed food
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| What is affected with a Sodium deficiency?........ (Hint: pump) | MAJOR!!! (+) extracellular ions, nerve transmission, muscle contractions, fluid balance.
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| Groups @ risk of sodium deficiency | severely restricted sodium diet, sweating excessively
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| Toxicity of sodium | High blood Pressure
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| Is there an Upper Level Intake of Sodium? | Yes! 2300 mg /day
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| Sources of Potassium | fruits and veggies, legumes, whole grains, milk, meat
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| Function of Potassium | (+) intracellular ion, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, fluid balance
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| Deficiency of Potassium | Irregular heart beat, fatigue, muscle cramps
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| Groups @ risk of Potassium | Poor diets high in processed foods, people w/ diarrhea and vomiting, those taking thiazole diuretics
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| Toxicity | Abnormal heartbeat
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| Upper level Intake of Potassium | N/A
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| Sources of Chloride | table salt & processed foods
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| Functions of Chloride | MAJOR!!! (-) extracellular ions, fluid balance
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| Deficiency of Chloride | Unlikely
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| Groups @ risk for Chloride Deficiency | None
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| Toxicity to Chloride | N/A
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| Upper Intake Level for Chloride | 3600 mg/day
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