SALT 9th Science Chp 6-7
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| physical properties | properties that can be observed or measured without changing a substance into a different substance
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| chemical properties | describe how a substance unites with other substances to form new substances.
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| compound | a substance composed of different types of atoms linked together chemically
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| element | a substance composed of only one type of atom
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| mixtures | substances composed of several elements or compounds that are physically mixed by not chemically united
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| molecule | a group of two or more atoms linked together by chemical bonds
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| solution | a type of mixture in which molecules of two substances are completely mixed
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| solubility | the ability of one substance to dissolve in another substance
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| colloid | a type of mixture consisting of tiny clumps or particles suspended in another substance
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| Tyndall effect | involves the scattering of light to the side by a colloid, having a somewhat milky effect
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| molecular formula | chemical formula giving the number of each type of atom in a molecule
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| structural formula | chemical formula giving the general arrangement of atoms in a molecule
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| empirical formula | chemical formula giving only the simplest ratio of atoms in a molecule; can stand for several different compounds
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| know how to name compounds (p. 141 Application) | ex. dinitrogen tetroxide - a molecule consisting of two atoms of nitrogen and four atoms of oxygen
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| covalent bond | a type of chemical bond within a molecule that involves the sharing of electrons between atoms
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| ionic bond | a type of chemical bond within a molecule that involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another
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| polar | a covalent bond in which one atom has a stronger attraction for the shared electrons than does the other atom
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| nonpolar | a covalent bond in which both atoms have the same strength of electrical attraction for the shared electrons.
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| formula unit | the simplest ratio of cations to anions in an ionic crystal
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| dipolar force | the intermolecular force that affects all polar molecules
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| hydrogen bond | the strongest of all intermolecular forces; responsible for the cohesion of water and ice
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| London forces | a weak intermolecular force that exists between all molecules; caused by a temporary imbalance in electron distribution
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| boiling point | the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure above the liquid
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| melting point | temperature at which melting occurs
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| vapor pressure | the tendency of molecules to evaporate or escape from the surface of a liquid at a given temperature, due to random molecular motion
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| molecular mass | the sum of the atomic masses (in amu) of all the atoms in a molecule
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| chemical reation | a chemical change resulting from a collision between atoms or molecules
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| reactants | original substances that undergo a chemical reaction
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| products | the new substances produced by the reaction
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| exothermic reaction | a chemical reaction that releases heat energy
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| endothermic reaction | a chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy and stores it in the chemical bonds of the products
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| entropy | the amount of decay or disorder in a system
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| second law of thermodynamics | law that states that heat and other natural processes in a system always tend toward less usable energy and greater disorder
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| Four factors that can affect the rate of a chemical reaction | Temperature, concentration, surface area, catalysts
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| single-displacement reaction | (called substitution reaction) represented A + BC → AC + B
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| double-displacement reaction | type of chemical reaction that can be represented AC+BD→ AD+BC
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| decomposition reaction | type of chemical reaction that can be represented AB→ A+B
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| combination reaction | type of chemical reaction that can be represented A+B→AB
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| acid | pH less than 7
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| base | pH greater than 7
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| neutral | pH is 7
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| acids | ionic compounds that have a sour taste, cause litmus to turn red, and can dissolve many metals; release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water
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| bases | ionic compounds that have a bitter taste and slippery feel, cause litmus to turn blue, and can corrode many metals; release hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water
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| electrolysis | the process of passing an electric current through a solution in order to cause a chemical reaction
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| voltaic cell | a device that produces electricity by means of a chemical reaction
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| Know how to balance an equation (p. 158) |
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| carbon | organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing this element; more chemical compounds are formed with this element than with all other elements combined
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| organic compounds | compounds containing carbon, such a hydrocarbons, soaps, and polymers
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| isomers | two carbon compounds that have the same number and type of atoms, but different structural formulas
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| alkane | hydrocarbon molecule having only single bonds between carbon atoms
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| alkene | type of hydrocarbon containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
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| alkyne | a hydrocarbon molecule that has at least one triple bond between carbon atoms
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| haloalkanes | group of substituted hydrocarbons that contain a halogen such as fluorine or iodine
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| carboxylic acids | group of substituted hydrocarbons that are weak acids; typically have pungent odors
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| alcohols | group of substituted hydrocarbons that contain the -OH (hydroxyl) group
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| polymers | huge organic molecules composed of many smaller molecules linked together
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| salts | a general term referring to any ionic compound composed of any cation except a hydrogen ion and any anion except a hydroxide ion
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| soaps | an organic compound consisting of long, narrow molecules having a polar end and a nonpolar end, capable of dissolving nonpolar substances such as oil and grease in polar substances such as water
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| know how to name hydrocarbons (p. 173) | ex. pentene – has 5 carbon atoms and at least one double bond
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| A living cell contains only four primary types of organic compounds | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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| carbohydrates | the most important energy-producing compounds in a living cell; starch is an example
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| sugars | simple carbohydrates containing up to a dozen carbon atoms
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| lipids | fats and oils are examples
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| unsaturated fats | the most healthful type of fat in your diet
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| saturated fats | such as animal fat, usually solid at room temperature
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| proteins ¬ | used to build and maintain living cells
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| amino acids | organic molecules that function as the “building blocks” of proteins
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| enzyme | a special globular protein used to initiate or regulate a chemical reaction within a cell
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| nucleic acids | compounds in the cell that contain the plans or “blueprints” of proteins in the cell
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| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid
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| gene | a segment of DNA containing the code for a specific substance, task, or characteristic
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| mutation | a random change in the DNA code, which occurs whena segment of DNA is copied incorrectly
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| cellular respiration | the process of “burning” glucose within the cell to produce energy
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