Cellular Stucture
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| Cellular respiration produces _____ molecules of ATP. | 36
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| The channels and pumps found in the cell membrane are made up of | proteins
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| The __________ is an organelle that uses instructions from DNA to make proteins. | ribosome
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| The organelle that converts food into compounds the cell can use is the ____. | mitochondria
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| The movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration is ______. | diffusion
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| Cellular respiration takes place in the _____. Photosynthesis takes place in the __________. | Mitochondria, chloroplast
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| Mitotic cell division produces 2 daughter cells that are _______ to the parent cell. | identical
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| The main function of the ____________ is to support and protect a cell. | Cell wall
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| What is the function of a lysosome? | It breaks down lipids, carbs, and proteins so the cell can use them, removes waste from the cell.
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| What are the products and reactants of photosynthesis? Of cellular respiration? | Photosynthesis - Products - C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reactants - 6CO2 + 6H2O
Cellular Respiration - Products - 6CO2 +
6H2O + Energy
Reactants - C6H12O6 + 6O2
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| what are the difference in plant and animal cells? | plant cells have a cell wall and chlorophyll, and animal cells have lysosomes while plant cells dont.
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| what is the difference in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes? | Prokaryotes dont have a nucleus
example Bacteria
Eukaryotes have a nucleus
example fungi.
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| what is osmosis? which way does water move? | osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. water will tend to move across the membrane until equillibrium is reached.
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| what is the role of the spindle in mitosis? | separate chromosomes
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| list the level of organization in the human body. | Cell, tissue, organ, organ system.
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| what are the stages of cellular respiration? | Glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport.
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| why are nitrogen and phosphorus important to living things? | nitrogen make proteins and phosphorus makes DNA and RNA.
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| absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis. | chlorophyll
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| releases and stores energy. | ATP
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| process by which molecules tend to move from one are where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. | diffusion
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| network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and its involved many forms of cell movement | cytoskeleton
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| small dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins. | nucleolus
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| area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached. | centromere
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| Permeate | to pass through
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| Impermeable | unable for anything to pass through
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| Semipermeable | Allowing passage of certain, especially small, molecules or ions but acting as a barrier to others
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| selectively permeable | Allowing passage of certain, especially small, molecules or ions but acting as a barrier to others
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| solution | A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, gases, or a combination of these.
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| Solvent | A substance in which another substance is dissolved, forming a solution.
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| Solute | substance dissolved in another substance, usually the component of a solution present in the lesser amount.
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| Diffusion | Process by which there is a net flow of matter from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration
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| Osmosis | diffusion of water or other solvent through a semipermeable membrane.
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| Facilitated diffusion | type of passive transport that allows substances to cross membranes with the assistance of special transport proteins (glucose, sodium ions and chloride ions)
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| Active transport | The movement of ions or other substances across a membrane in the direction of increasing concentration (and thus requires an expenditure of energy ).
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| Isotonic solution | A solution that has no effect on the volume of tissues and cells. Thus, a cell, when placed in an isotonic solution tends neither to gain or lose water
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| Hypotonic solution | A mixture containing a concentration of solute that is lower than the concentration of the same solute in another mixture to which it is compared. When two such solutions are separated by a permeable membrane
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| Hypertonic solution | mixture containing a concentration of solute in excess of the concentration of the same solute in another mixture to which it is compared
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| Endocytosis | A process of cellular ingestion by which the plasma membrane folds inward to bring substances into the cell
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| Exocytosis | A process of cellular secretion or excretion in which substances contained in vesicles are discharged from the cell by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the outer cell membrane.
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| Plasmolysis | Shrinkage or contraction of the protoplasm away from the wall of a living plant or bacterial cell, caused by loss of water through osmosis.
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| Turgor pressure | the pressure exerted by water inside the cell against the cell wall. (if too great causes the cell to burst)
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| Components of cell theory | all living things are made up of one or more cells. Cells are the basic living units within organisms. The chemical reactions of life takes place within the cells. All cells arise from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division.
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| Surface area to volume ratio | An increased surface area to volume ratio also means increased exposure to the environment. Greater surface area allows more of the surrounding water to be sifted for nutrients.
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| Difference b/t plant and animal cells | plant cells go through both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, while animal cells only go through cellular respiration
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| Difference b/t plant and animal cells outsides | 1. plant cells have rigid walls of cellulose, animal cells have cell membranes whose shape is more dynamic
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| Eyepiece | The lens the viewer looks through to see the specimen. The eyepiece usually contains a 10X or 15X power lens.
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| Diopter Adjustment | Useful as a means to change focus on one eyepiece so as to correct for any difference in vision between your two eyes
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| Body tube (Head) | connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses.
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| Arm | connects the body tube to the base of the microscope
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| Coarse adjustment | Brings the specimen into general focus
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| Fine adjustment | Fine tunes the focus and increases the detail of the specimen.
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| Nosepiece | A rotating turret that houses the objective lenses. The viewer spins the nosepiece to select different objective lense
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| Objective lenses | One of the most important parts of a compound microscope, as they are the lenses closest to the specimen
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| A standard microscope has three, four, or five objective lenses that range in power from 4X to 100X. When focusing the microscope, | be careful that the objective lens doesn’t touch the slide, as it could break the slide and destroy the specimen
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| Specimen or slide | The specimen is the object being examined. Most specimens are mounted on slides, flat rectangles of thin glass.
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| Stage | The flat platform where the slide is placed
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| Stage clips | Metal clips that hold the slide in place
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| Stage height adjustment (Stage Control) | These knobs move the stage left and right or up and down.
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| Aperture | The hole in the middle of the stage that allows light from the illuminator to reach the specimen
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| Illumination: | The light source for a microscope. Older microscopes used mirrors to reflect light from an external source up through the bottom of the stage; however, most microscopes now use a low-voltage bulb.
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| Iris diaphragm | Adjusts the amount of light that reaches the specimen
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| Condenser | Gathers and focuses light from the illuminator onto the specimen being viewed.
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| Base | The base supports the microscope and it’s where illuminator is located.
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| respiration equation | C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy
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| photosynthesis | CO2 + H2O + Energy(light) → C6H12O6 + O2
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| Photosynthesis equation | Formula;
6CO2 + 12H2O + Sunlight ---> 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O
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| Word equation photosynthesis | Carbondioxide + Water →sunlight+chlorophyll → Glucose + Oxygen
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| Word equation cellular respiration | Glucose + Oxygen → Carbondioxde + Water + Energy/ATP
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| Cellular respiration Formula; | C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy
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| Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle | Energy is created in cellular respiration through the oxidization of glucose and its derivatives. This occurs during two chemical processes known as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Glycolysis breaks glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
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| Photosynthesis: Light reactions and the Calvin Cycle | Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy in light reactions. Chlorophyll absorbs energy and transfers electrons and hydrogen from water. This releases oxygen from the water molecule. The electrons and hydrogen reduced NADP+ to NADPH.
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| prokaryotes | unicellular organisms, found in all environments. They are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the classification
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| characteristics of prokaryotes | No nuclear membrane (genetic material dispersed throughout cytoplasm)and No membrane-bound organelles, Most primitive type of cell
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| examples of prokaryotes | Staphylococcus
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Streptococcus
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| Eucaryotes | generally more advanced,There are many unicellular organisms, but all cells in multicellular organisms are this.
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| characteristics of Eucaryotes | Nuclear membrane surrounding genetic material
Numerous membrane-bound organelles
Complex internal structure
Appeared approximately one billion years ago
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| examples of Eucaryotes | Paramecium
Dinoflagellates
sapiens
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