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Determinants of Cardiac Output

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Question
Answer
Cardiac Output   volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute  
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Stroke Volume   Volume of blood ejected per beat  
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Heart Rate   Number of heart beats/minute  
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Cardiac Output Equation   CO = HR x SV  
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Stroke Volume Equation   SV = EDV - ESV  
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Schematic for the SV component of the Equation   Preload (Starling Effect) Contractility Afterload Compliance  
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Ejection Fraction   EF = (SV)/(EDV)  
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Inotropy   contractility  
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Starlings Law   As volume increases, length increases and the greater the contraction  
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Compliance Equation   (delta)V/(delta)P  
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Increasing Preload causes   Increasing EDP Increasing EDV Increases SV and CO  
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Decreased HR causes   less time for filling and results in a lesser force  
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Afterload   force it has to overcome (arterial pressure)  
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Increasing Afterload   Increases pre-ejection pressure Increases ESV Decreases SV and CO  
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Increasing contractility   Decreases ESV Increases SV  
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Lowering Compliance   decreased EDV Decreases SV and CO  
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length affects   tension and velocity  
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Ejection Fraction in normal health   55%  
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What is the only way to change the slope of the left ventricular pressure   change contractility  
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What affects contractility? (3)   Positive inotropic effects  
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Postive inotropes caused by   open Ca channels inhibition of the Na/Ca exchanger Inhibit plasma membrane pump Activations of B1 receptors  
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what cardiac drug induces positive inotropic effects?   Cardiac glycosides (digitalis)  
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Negative inotropes   Ca channel blockers Low Ca High extracellular Na  
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Determinants of O2 demand on the heart   afterload extent of muscle shortening heart rate inotropic state heart size  
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60-90% of cardiac ATP derived from ________   free fatty acids  
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Calculating CO using the Fick Principle:   "oxygen is the indicator"  
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Cardiac Output equation using Fick Principle   CO = O2 consumption / (O2 pulmonary vein - )2 pulmonary artery)  
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Created by: tjamrose
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