Stack #168902
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| amphipathic molecule | has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region (Phospholipids)
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| selective permeability | membrane allows some substances to cross it more easily than others
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| fluid mosaic model | improved model of cell membrane, membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids
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| integral proteins | trans-membrane proteins with hydrophobic regions(non-polar amino acids) that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane
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| Periphial Proteins | not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all, they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane often to the exposed parts in integral proteins
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| Transport | -provide hydrophilic channels that are selective for a particular solute- transport protein hydrolyze ATP as energy source for pumping substances across the membrane
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| Enzymatic Activity | -exposed active sites- ordered as a team that carries out sequential steps of a metabolic pathway
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| Signal Transducion | -conformational change in the protein that relays the messege inside the cell
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| Intercellular Joining | membrane proteins of adjacent cells hook together in different types of junctions
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| Cell-cell recognition | some glycoproteins serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by other cells
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| Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM) | -elements of the cyto.skel. may be bonded to membrane proteins-proteins that adhere to the ECM can coordinate extracellular and intracellular changes
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| transport proteins | - span membrane- function by having hydrophilic channels that certain molecules pass thru- bind to their passengers and physically move them across the membrane
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| diffuusion | the tendancy for molecules of any substance to spread out into the available space
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| concentration gradient | move from high concentraion to low
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| passive transport | the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane, cell doesn't have to spend energy to make it happen
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| osmosis | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane (passive transport)
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| hypertonic | solution with a higher concentraion of solutes
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| hypotonic | lower concentraion of solutes
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| isotonic | equal concentration of solutes
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| osmoregulation | control of water balance
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| turgid | cell is very firm, healthy state for most plants (hypotonic)
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| flaccid | cell is limp, plant wilts (isotonic)
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| plasmolysis | lethal, lose water and shrink, plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall(hypertonic)
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| facilitated diffusion | spontaneous passage of molecules and ions bound to specific carrier proteins across a biological membrane down their concentraion gradient
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| gated channels | a stimulus (chemical orelectrical) causes them to open or close
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| active transport | moving against the concentration gradient
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| sodium potassium pump | exchanges sodium for potassium across the plasma membrane of animal cells
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| membrane potential | voltage across a membrane ranges from -50_-200 millivolts
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| electrochemical gradient | combonation of forces acting on an ion
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| electrogenic pump | a transport protein that generates voltage across a memrane
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| proton pump | main electrogenic pump of plants,bacteria, fungi, actively transports hydrogen ions out of the cell
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| contransport | a single ATP powered pump that transports a specific solute can indirectly drive the active transport of several other mechanisms
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| exocytosis | when the cell secretes macromolecules by fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane
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| endocytosis | the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by formingnew vesciles from the plasma membrane
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| phagocytosis | a cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia around it and packaging it within a membrane-enclosed sac large enough to be classified as a vacuole
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| pinocytosis | cell gulps droplets of extracellular fluid in tiny vesciles
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| receptor-mediated endocytosis | proteins embedded in the membrane have specific receptor sites exposed to the extracellular fluid
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| ligands | the extracellular substances that bind to the receptors
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