Principles Of Anatomy and Physiology
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| An enzyme that is activated when certain neurotransmitters or hormones bind to their receptors; the enzyme that converts ATP into cyclic AMP, and important second messenger. | Adenylate cyclase
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| The outer portion of an adrenal gland, divided into three zones; the zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids, the zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids, and the zona reticularis secretes androgens. | Adrenal Cortex
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| Two glands located superior to each kidney. Also called the suprarenal glands. | Adrenal glands
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| The inner part of an adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. | Adrenal medulla
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| A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that influences the production and secretion of certain hormones of the adrenal cortex. | Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
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| Clumping of microorganisms or blood cells, typically due to an antigen -antibody reaction. | Agglutination
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| A type of cell in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) in the pancreas that secretes the hormone glucagon. Also termed an A cell. | Alpha Cell
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| Masculinizing sex hormones produced by the testes in males and the adrenal cortex in both sexes; responsible for libido; the two main androgens are testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. | Androgens
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| Condition of the blood in which the number of functional red blood cells or their hemoglobin content is below normal. | Anemia
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| Either of two forms of a protein associated with the regulation of blood pressure. Angiotensin I is produced by the action of renin on angiotensinogen and is converted by the action of ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) into angiotensin II, which stimul | Angiotensin
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| A hormonal interaction in which the effect of one hormone on a target cell is opposed by another hormone. For example, calcitonin (CT) lowers blood calcium level, whereas parathormone (PTH) raises it. | Antagonistic effect
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| Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Also called the adenohypophysis. | Anterior Pituitary
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| A substance that can delay, suppress, or prevent the clotting of blood. | Anticoagulant
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| Hormone produced by neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles. Also called vasopressin. | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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| Substance that inhibits urine formation | Antidiuretic
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| Peptide hormone, produced by the atria of the heart in response to stretching, that inhibits aldosterone production and thus lowers blood pressure; causes natriuresis, increased urinary excretion of sodium. | Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
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| Local hormone, such as interleukin-2, that acts on the same cell that secreted it. | Autocrine
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| A type of white blood cell characterized by a pale nucleus and large granules that stain blue-purple with basic dyes. | Basophil
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| A type of cell in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) in the pancreas that secretes the hormone insulin. Also termed a B cell. | Beta cell
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| An orange pigment that is one of the end products of hemoglobin breakdown in the hepatocytes and is excreted as a waste material in bile. | Bilirubin
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| A hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that can lower the amount of blood calcium and phosphates by inhibiting bone resorption (breakdonw of bone matrix) and by accelerating uptake of calcium and phosphates into bone matrix. | Calcitonin (CT)
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| Attraction of phagocytes to microbes by a chemical stimulus. | Chemotaxis
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| Cell that has an affinity for chrome salts, due in part to the neurotransmitter epinephrine; found, among other places, in the adrenal medulla. | Chromaffin cell
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| The consolidation of a fibrin clot to pull damaged tissue together. | Clot retraction
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| The end result of a series of biochemical reactions that changes liquid plasma into a gelatinous mass; specifically, the conversion of fibrinogen into a tangle of polymerized fibrin molecules. | Clot
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| One of a group of molecules that stimulates development of white blood cells. Examples are marcophage CSF and granulocyte CSF. | Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
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| An outer layer of an organ. The convoluted layer of gray matter covering each cerebral hemisphere. | Cortex
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| Condition caused by a hypersecretion of glucorticoids characterized by spindly legs, "moon face," "buffalo hump," pendulous abdomen, flushed facial skin, poor wound healing, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, hypertension, and increased susceptibility to diseas | Cushing's syndrome
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| Phenomenon in which there is a decrease in the number of receptors in receptors in response to an excess of a hormone or neurotransmitter. | Down-regulation
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| Local hormones derives from a 20-carbon fatty acid (arachidonic acid); two important types are prostaglandins and leukotrienes. | Eicosanoids
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| A blood clot, bubble of air or fat from broken bones, mass of bacteria, or other debris or foreign material transported by the blood. | Embolus
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