Minerals and Rocks Vocabulary
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| texture | the look and feel of a rock's surface, determined by the size, shape and pattern of a rock's grains.
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| igneous rock | a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface.
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| grain | a particle of mineral or other rock that fives a rock its texture.
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| sedimentary rock | a type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together.
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| metamorphic rock | a type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure or chemical reactions.
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| extrusive rock | igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth's surface.
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| intrusive rock | igneous rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth's surface
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| porphyritic texture | an igneous rock texture in which large crystals are scattered on a background of much smaller crystals
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| sediment | small, solid pieces of material that comes from rocks or organisms.
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| erosion | the destructive process in which water or wind loosen and carry away fragments of rock.
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| deposition | the process by which sediments settles out of water or wind that is carrying it.
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| compaction | the process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight.
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| cementation | the process by which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together into one mass
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| clastic rock | sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments are squeezed together under high pressure
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| element | a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means.
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| chemical rock | sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize from a solution
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| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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| energy level | one of several distinct regions around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are located.
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| isotope | an atom with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons for a given element
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| mass number | the number of neutrons
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| foliated | term used to describe metamorphic rocks whose grains are arranged in parallel layers or bands.
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| rock cycle | a series of processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly change rocks from one kind to another
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| mass number | the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom
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| compound | a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions and usually having properties different from those of its consituent elements
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| Chemical bond | a force that holds together atoms that form a compound.
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| ion | an atom or a molecule that possesses an electrical charge.
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| ionic bond | a bond that forms between negative and positive ions.
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| covalent bond | a bond that forms when atoms share electrons.
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| metallic bond | a bond that forms when electrons are shared by metal ions.
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| mineral | a naturally occuring, inorganic crystalline material with a unique chemical composition.
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| silicate | any one of numerous minerals that have the oxygen and silicon tetrahedron as their basic structure.
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| silicon-oxygen tetrahedron | a structure composed of four oxygen atoms surrounding a silicon atom, which constitutes the basic building block of silicate minerals.
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| streak | the color of a mineral in powdered form
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| luster | The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral.
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| crystal form | the external appearance of a mineral as determined by its internal arrangement of atoms.
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| hardness | the resistance a mineral offers to scratching
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| cleavage | the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding
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| Mohs Scale | a series of 10 minerals used as a standard in determining hardness.
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| fracture | any break or rupture in rock along which no appreciable movement has taken place.
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| density | mass per unit volume of a substance, usually expressed as grams per cubic centimeter
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| rock | a consolidated mixture of minerals
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| magma | a body of molten rock found at depth, including any dissolved gases and crystals
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| lava | magma that reaches Earth's surface
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| weathering | the disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near Earth's surface.
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| granitic composition | a compositional group of igneous rocks that indicate a rock is composed almost entirely of light-colored silicates, mainly quartz and feldspar.
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| basaltic composition | a compositional group of igneous rocks indicating that the rock contains substantial dark silicate mainerals and calcium rich plagioclase feldspar.
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| andesitic composition | the composition of igneous rocks lying between felsic and mafic
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| ultramafic | igneous rock composed mainly of iron and magnesium-rich minerals
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| metamorphism | the changes in mineral composition and texture of a rock subjected to high temperature and pressure within Earth
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| hydrothermal solutions | hot, water-based solutions that escape from a mass of magma during the later stages of crystallization - these solutions may alter the surrounding rock
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| contact metamorphism | changes in rock caused by the heat from a nearby magma body
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| regional metamorphism | metamorphism associated with large-scale mountain-building processes
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| nonfoliated | metamorphic rock that does not exhibit a banded or layered appearance
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