Bones of the Skeleton
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| Name 5 functions of the skeleton with a simple explanation | SUPPORT- provides framework for body and gives shape
LEVERAGE- provides levers for muscle attachement allowing movement and articulation
PROTECTION- protects organs, e.g. brain within the cranium
STORAGE- stores calcium salts
PRODUCTION- manufactures
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| What different types of bones are found in the skeleton? | LONG BONES- forming limbs and having a cavity
SHORT BONES- having no cavity, found in hands and feet
FLAT BONES- forming the cranium and scapulat
IRREGULAR BONES- face bones and vertabrae
SESAMOID BONES- formed in a tendon, e.g. patella and hyoid bone
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| Name the bones of the cranium | ONE OCCIPITAL
TWO PARIETAL
TWO TEMPORAL
ONE FRONTAL
ONE SPHENOID
ONE ETHMOID
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| What is the FONTANELLES? | The uniting of the cranial bones by SUTURES (fibrous immovable joints) occurs after birth. The bones are not united in the fetus,moulding of the skull to aid delivery is able to occur after childbirth
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| When does the POSTERIOR FONTANELLE CLOSE? | Aprox 3 months
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| Name the bones of the face | ONE MANDIBLE -LOWER JAW
TWO MAXILLA - UPPER JAW
TWO MALAR OR ZYGOMATIC - CHEEK BONES
ONE NASAL- PART OF NOSE
ONE VOMER- PART OF NASAL SEPTUM
TWO LACRIMAL (LACRYMAL)- BONY ORBIT
TWO PALATINE- HARD PLATE IN MOUTH
TWO TURBINATE-INSIDE NOSE
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| Where is the HYOID BONE found? | is a small bone attached to the tongue
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| How many vertabrae are there? | 33 irregular bones
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| Name 5 functions of the VERTABRAE | Provides a framework for attachement of other structures
Protects the spinal cord and nerves
Provides locomotion
Absorbs shock
Forms strong joints
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| What is TYPICAL VERTABRAE? | Having similar features
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| What is ATYPICAL VERTABRAE? | Not having the typical features
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| Name the different regions of the vertabral column? | CERVICAL- 7 BONES
THORACIC- 12 BONES
LUMBAR- 5 BONES
SACRAL- 5 FUSED BONES
COCCYX- 4 FUSED ONES
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| Name the structures of the RIB CAGE | ONE STERNUM
12 PAIRS RIBS
12 THORACIC VERTABRAE
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| Name the 3 parts of the STERNUM | MANUBRIUM
BODY
XIPHOID
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| What are the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES used for? | INSPIRATION and EXPIRATION
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| The rib cage is made up of? | 7 PAIRS OF TRUE RIBS
5 PAIRS OF FALSE RIBS
2 PAIRS OF FLOATING RIBS
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| When are joints formed? | When 2 or more bony surfaces are attached to eachother
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| What is a fixed joint? | Fibrous tissue where no movement is possible, e.g. sutures of cranium
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| What is a SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINT? | CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS -which allow only slight movement e.g. INTERVEREBRAL JOINTS between the bodies of the vertabrae
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| FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS do what? | Allow FREE MOVEMENT according to the shape of the joint
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| What are SYNOVIAL JOINTS lined with? | SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE -which produces SYNOVIAL FLUID (which prevents friction and wear)
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| What are the ends of these bones (synovial)covered in ? | HYALINE CARTILAGE
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| What is BURSA and where can it be found? | A sac lined with synovial membrane containing synovial fluid, found between a TENDON and a BONE in order to prevent friction on movement
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| What are LIGAMENTS composed of ? | Tough fibrous tissue
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| What do LIGAMENTS DO? | They BIND BONE TO BONE
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| What is a MUSCLE? | Strong elastic tissues,with blood, capable of CONTRACTION and RELAXATION. (partly contracted known as MUSCLE TONE)
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| Name 3 TYPES OF MUSCLE | VOLUNTARY (STRAITED) -attached to skeleton and under control of the will
INVOLUNTARY (UNSTRAITED) -smooth and controlled automatically by the autonomic system (forming the walls of major organs e.g. stomach
CARDIAC - (MYOGENIC) - the HEART - controlled
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| What is the DIAPHRAM for ? | Muscle that divides THORACIC CAVITY from ABDOMINAL CAVITY -essential for RESPIRATION
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| What are TENDONS? | Specialised fibrous bands found at ends of muscles which attach MUSCLE TO BONE or MUSCLE TO MUSCLE
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| Why does a HERNIA occur? | From a weakness in the muscle which allows part of an organ to PROLAPSE through the space created by the weakness
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| what types of HERNIA are there? | INGUINAL HERNIA- common in men
FEMORAL HERNIA- weakness in groin - common in
women
HATIUS HERNIA- weakness in diaphram- part of oesophagus/and/or stomach go through the space
UMBILICAL HERNIA-weakness in umbilical area giving intestinal protusion
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| What is a COMMINUTED FRACTURE? | SEVERAL BREAKS IN THE BONE
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| What is a COMPLICATED FRACTURE? | DAMAGE TO VITAL NEIGHBORING STRUCTURES
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| What is a COMPOUND/OPEN FRACTURE? | A BREAK IN THE BONE WHERE THERE IS COMMUNICATION WITH THE OUTSIDE AIR e.g. SKIN
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| What is a DEPRESSED FRACTURE? | FRACTURE OF THE SKULL WITH DEPRESSED SEGMENTS
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| What is a GREEN STICK FRACTURE? | TYPE IN CHIDREN WHRE BONE DOES NOT COMPLETELY BREAK AS IT IS NOT OSSIFIED (hardened)but rather like a green branch of a tree splitting
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| What is an IMPACTED FRACTURE? | WHRE THE ENDS OF THE BONE ARE FORCED INTO ONE ANOTHER
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| What is an OBLIQUE FRACTURE? | A FRACTURE WHERE IT IS NOT DIRECTLY ACROSS THE AXIS OF THE BONE
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| What is a POTT'S FRACTURE? | FRACTURE OF THE ANKLE INVOVLING BOTH THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
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| What is a TRANSVERSE FRACTURE? | A FRACTURE AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THE AXIS OF THE BONE
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| What is an AVULSION FRACTURE? | FRAGMENTED BONE AT THE SITE OF A LIGAMENT OR TENDON ATACHEMENT
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| What is a COLLES' FRACTURE? | FRACTURE OF THE WRIST, BOTH THE RADIUS AND ULNA ARE FRACTURED AND CAUSE THE TYPICAL DINNER FORK DEFORMITY
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| What is a FRACTURE? | A BREAK IN THE CONTINUITY OF THE BONE-INCLUDES CRACKS AS WELL AS COMPLETE BREAKS
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