Nersous System
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| Central nervous system | includes brain and spinal cord
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| Peripheral nervous system | includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves
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| The Neurons | Basic cells of nervous system
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| The Neurons | Carry nerve impulses throughout body
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| The Neurons | Afferent neurons, Connecting neurons, Efferent neurons
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| Brain: Primary Function | Coordinates all activities of the body by receiving and transmitting messages throughout the body
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| Brain MT | encephal/o
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| Major Parts of the Brain | Cerebrum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Cerebellum,Brainstem
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| Cerebrum | largest and uppermost portion of brain
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| Cerebrum | hemispheres subdivided to create pairs of cerebral lobes
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| Cerebrum | divided into right and left hemispheres
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| Cerebral Lobes: frontal lobe | controls skilled motor functions, memory & behavior
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| Cerebral Lobes: parietal lobe | receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in tongue, skin, muscles
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| Cerebral Lobes: occipital lobe | controls eyesight
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| Cerebral Lobes: temporal lobe | controls hearing and smell, and ability to create, store and access new information
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| Spinal Cord: Primary Function |
Transmits nerve impulses between the brain, limbs, and lower part of the body
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| Spinal Cord MT | myel/o
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| Myel/o MT | also means bone marrow
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| Nerves: Primary Function | Receive and transmit messages to and from all parts of the body
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| Nerves | neur/i MT
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| Nerves | neur/o MT
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| caus/o MT | burning, burn
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| cerebr/o MT | cerebrum, brain
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| concuss/o MT | shaken together, violently agitated
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| contus/o MT | bruise
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| Peripheral Nervous System has | 12 Pairs Cranial Nerves
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| Peripheral Nervous System has | 31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves
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| Peripheral Nervous System | Transmits sensory and motor impulses back and forth between CNS and rest of body
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| Basic Structural Unit of the Nervous System is called a | Neuron Cells
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| Cell body Contains | the nucleus and cytoplasm
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| Conducts impulses away from the cell body | Axon
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| Some axons are covered with a | myelin sheath
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| Conducts impulses toward the cell body | Dendrite
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| Connective tissue, Do not conduct impulses, Protect nervous system through phagocytosis | Neuroglia
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| Types of Neuroglia Cells | Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes
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| Types of Neuroglia Cells | Microglia
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| Type of Neuroglia Cells | Oligodendrocytes
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| Type of Neuroglia Cells | Astrocytes
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| Carry impulses from the body to the central nervous system | Afferent (sensory) nerves
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| Cause the target organs to do something in response to commands | Efferent (motor) nerves
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| Carry impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands | Efferent (motor) nerves
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| Provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle contractions | Somatic Nervous System
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| Provides involuntary control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity and secretions in response to the commands of the central nervous system | Autonomic Nervous System
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| Increase heart rate | Sympathetic nerves
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| Constrict blood vessels | Sympathetic nerves
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| Raise blood pressure | Sympathetic nerves
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| Fight-or-flight response | Sympathetic nerves
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| Slow heart rate | Parasympathetic nerves
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| Increase peristalsis of intestines | Parasympathetic nerves
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| Increase glandular secretions | Parasympathetic nerves
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| Relax sphincters | Parasympathetic nerves
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| Outermost layer of meninges | Dura mater
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| Tough, white connective tissue of meninges | Dura mater
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| Meninges Epidural space located outside of the dura mater | Contains supporting cushion of fat and connective tissue
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| Meninges Subdural space located beneath the dura mater | Cavity is filled with serous fluid
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| Middle layer of the meninges | Arachnoid membrane
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| Resembles a spider web | Arachnoid membrane
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| Subarachnoid space immediately beneath contains | cerebrospinal fluid
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| Innermost layer of the meninges | Pia mater
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| Tightly bound to the surface of the brain and spinal cord | Pia mater
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| Structures of the Brain: Cerebrum | Largest and uppermost portion of the brain
Controls consciousness, memory, sensations, emotions, voluntary movements
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| Cortex MT | outer surface
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| Gyri MT | elevations
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| Sulci MT | grooves
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| Longitudinal fissure divides cerebrum into | two hemispheres
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| Attached to the brain stem | Cerebellum
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| Maintains muscle tone Coordinates normal movement and balance | Cerebellum
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| Located between cerebrum and midbrain | Diencephalon
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| thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland | Diencephalon Consists of
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| Brain Stem Consist of | Consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
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| Serves as pathway for impulses between brain and spinal cord | Brain Stem
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| Controls respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate | Brain Stem
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| Pathway for impulses traveling to and from brain | Spinal Cord
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| Transmits nerve impulses between the brain, limbs, and lower part of the body | Spinal Cord
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| Central nervous system Organs | Brain, Spinal cord
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| CNS Function | Integration; command center, Interpret incoming, sensory information, Issues outgoing instructions
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| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | Nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord
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| PNS Functions | Serve as communication lines among sensory organs, the brain and spinal cord, and glands or muscles
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| Sensory Organs and Receptors Primary Functions | Receive external stimulation and transmit these stimuli to the sensory neurons
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| Sensory Organs and Receptors Primary Functions | Eyes (sight), Ears (hearing), Nose (smell),Skin (touch), Tongue (taste)
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| -esthesia MT | sensation, feeling
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| esthet/o MT | feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception
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| -graphy MT | the process of producing a picture or record
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| mening/o | membranes, meninges
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| phobia | abnormal fear
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| radicul/o | root or nerve root
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| tropic | having an affinity for
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| Alzheimer’s Disease | Progressive and extremely debilitating deterioration of a person’s intellectual functioning
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| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | (ALS)
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| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | Severe weakening and wasting of the involved muscle groups
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| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | Usually begins with hands
Progresses to shoulders, upper arms, then legs
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| Bell’s Palsy | Temporary or permanent unilateral weakness or paralysis of muscles in the face
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| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | Pinching or compression of median nerve within the carpal tunnel
Inflammation and swelling of tendons cause intermittent or continuous pain
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| Cerebral Concussion | Brief interruption of brain function usually with loss of consciousness lasting for a few seconds
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| Cerebral Contusion | Small, scattered venous hemorrhages in the brain
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| Cerebral Contusion | Bruise of the brain tissue
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| Cerebral Contusion | Occurs when brain strikes the inner skull
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| Cerebral Palsy | Collective term used to describe congenital brain damage that is permanent but not progressive
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| Cerebral Palsy | Characterized by the child’s lack of control of voluntary muscles
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| Cerebrovascular Accident | CVA
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| Cerebrovascular Accident | Death of a specific portion of brain tissue
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| Cerebrovascular Accident | Results from decreased blood flow to that area of the brain
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| Cerebrovascular Accident | stroke
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| Cerebrovascular Accident | Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
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| Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) | Also known as mini strokes
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| Cerebral thrombosis | Occurs largely in individuals older than 50
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| Embolism causes an occlusion | Cerebral embolism
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| Cerebral hemorrhage | Cerebral vessel ruptures
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| Encephalitis | Virus enters CNS when person experiences viral disease such as mumps, measles, or through tick or mosquito bite
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| Epilepsy | Syndrome of recurring episodes of excessive irregular electrical activity of the central nervous system, called seizures
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| Epilepsy | seizures
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| Grand Mal Seizure | Epileptic seizure characterized by sudden loss of consciousness and generalized involuntary muscular contraction
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| Petit Mal Seizure | Small seizures in which there is a sudden, temporary loss of consciousness
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| Petit Mal Seizure | Lasts only a few seconds
Also known as absence seizures
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| Grand Mal Seizure | Vacillates between rigid body extension and an alternating contracting and relaxing of muscles
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| Guillain-Bàrré Syndrome |
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| Guillain-Bàrré Syndrome |
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