CV 3
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| when in the cardiac cycle is O2 consumption highest? | isovolumetric contraction
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| this is the period between mitral valve closing and aortic valve opening | isovolumetric contraction
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| this is the period between aortic valve opening and closing | systolic ejection
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| this is the period between aortic valve closing and mitral vale opening | isovolumetric relaxation
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| when does rapid filling occur? | just after mitral valve opens
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| when does slow filling occur? | just before mitral valve closes
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| when is JVD seen? | right heart failure
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| what is cardiac muscle contraction dependent on? | extracellular calcium, which enters the cells during plateau of action potential and stimulates calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (calcium-induced calcium release)
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| what is the plateau in the cardiac muscle action potential due to? | calcium influx
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| where does the pacemaker action potential occur? | SA and AV nodes
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| what accounts for the automaticity of the SA and AV nodes? | slow diastolic depolarization - membrane potential spontaneously depolarizes as Na+ conductance increases (funny channel)
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| what determines heart rate? | slope of phase 4 in the SA node
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| what are the peripheral chemoreceptors? what do they respond to? | carotid and aortic bodies - they respond to decreased (less than 60 mmHg)/increased PCO2, decreased pH of blood
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| what do central chemoreceptors respond to? | changes in pH and PCO2 of brain interstitial fluid, which in turn are influenced by arterial CO2
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| what does the aortic arch respond to? how does it transmit and to where? | responds to increased BP; transmits via vagus to medulla
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| how and to where does the carotid sinus transmit information? | via glossopharyngeal to the medulla
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| how do the central chemoreceptors respond to increased intracranial pressure? | hypertension (sympathetic response) and bradycardia (parasympathetic response)
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| what organ receives the larges share of systemic cardiac output? | liver
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| what organ receivest eh highest blood flow per gramof tissue? | kidney
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| how does the heart meet increased O2 demand? | incrased coronary blood flow, not by increased extraction of O2
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| hypoxia in the pulmonary vasculature causes what? | vasoconstriction (unique because in other organs hypoxia causes vasodilation)
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| what are the local factors in the heart that determine autoregulaton? | O2, adenosine, NO
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| what are the local factors in the brain that determine autoregulation? | CO2 (pH)
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| how do the kidneys determine autoregulation? | myogenic and tuboglomerular feedback
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| what local factors determine autoregulation in skeletal muscle? | lactate, adenosine, K+
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| what is the most important mechanism for determining autoregulation in the skin? | sympathetic stimulation - temperature control
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| what is the effect of carotid massage? | incrases pressure on carotid artery - increasing stretch and leading to decreased HR
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| what is the ultimate consequence of baroreceptors sensing hypotension? | vasoconstriction, incrased HR, contractility, and BP - important in the response to severe hemorrhage
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| sound of mitral and tricuspid valve closure | S1
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| sound of aortic and pulmonary valve closure | S2
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| sound at end of rapid ventricular filling | S3
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| sound from high atrial pressure/stiff ventricle | S4
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| what is S3 associated with? | dilated CHF, mitral/tricuspid regurgitation
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| what is S4 (atrial kick) associated with? | hypertrophic ventricle
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| what is paradoxical splitting associated with? | aortic stenosis, LBBB
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| what is fixed splitting associated with? | ASD
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| holosystolic high pitched 'blowing murmur' loudest at apex | mitral regurg (tricuspid regurg)
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| cresecendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click | aortic (pulmonic) stenosis
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| pulsus parvus et tardus | pulses weak compared to heart sounds; seen in aortic stenosis
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| holosystolic murmur | VSD
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| late systolic murmur with midsystolic click | mitral prolapse
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| immediate high-pitched blowing diastolic murmur; wide pulse pressure | aortic regurgitation
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| delayed rubbing late diastolic murmur that follows opening snap | mitral stenosis
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| how does the murmur in tricuspid stenosis differ from that of mitral stenosis? | tricuspid stenosis differs because it gets louder with inspiration
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| continuous machine-like murmur | PDA
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| when is the murmur associated with a PDA loudest? | S2
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