CV 2
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| of the total body weight, what proportion is blood? | 8% the rest is body fluids and tissues
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| of the total body blood, what proportion is plasma? | 55% plasma the rest is hematocrit.
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| what is serum? | plasma without clotting factors
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| what is the makeup of plasma? | 91.5% water, 7% protein, salts, lipids, enzymes, and vitamins
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| what is the makeup of plasma proteins? | 55% albumin, 38% globulin, 7% fibrinogen
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| what are the three kinds of cells in hematocrit? | erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
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| what is the typical makeup of WBCs in the blood? | 40-70% PMNS, 20-40% lymphocytes, 2-10% monocytes, 1-6% eosinophils, <1% basophils
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| what is the net filtration pressure | Pnet=[(Pc-Pi)-(πc-πi)]
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| what are 4 common causes edema? | increased capillary pressure, decreased plasma proteins, increased capillary permeability, or increased interstitial colloid pressure
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| what is a common cause of increased capillary pressure | heart failure
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| what is a common cause of decreased plasma proteins | nephrotic syndrome or liver failure
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| what may cause increased capillary permeability? | toxins, infections, burns
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| what could cause increased colloid presure? | lymphatic blockage
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| what are the three structures in the carotid sheath? | internal jugular v. (lateral), common carotid a. (medial), vagus n. (posterior)
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| in most cases, what supplies the SA and AV nodes? | RCA
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| 80% of the time, what supplies the inferior portion of the LV via the PD artery? | RCA (right dominant)
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| when do the coronary arteries fill? | during diastole
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| what supplies the anterior interventricular septum? | LAD
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| what is the most posterior part of the heart? enlargment can cause what? | left atrium; dysphagia
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| what artery gives off large obtuse marginal branches that supply the lateral and posterior walls of the LV? | circumflex
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| what supplies the anterior 2/3 of IV septum, apical portion of anterior papillary muscle, and the anterior surface of the LV? | LAD
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| where does the RCA travel? | in the right AV groove
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| what supplies the inferior and posterior wals of the ventricles and the posterior 1/3 of the IV septum? | posterior descending (typically a branch of RCA)
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| Cardiac output = ? | stroke volume x heart rate
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| what is the Fick principle? | CO = rate of O2 consumption/ (arterial O2 content - venous O2 content)
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| how do you calculate mean arterial pressure? | CO x TPR = 1/3SBP + 2/3 DBP
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| pulse pressure = ? | systolic - diastolic (approx SV)
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| stroke volume = ? | CO/HR = EDV-ESV
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| what variables affect stroke volume? | contractility, afterload, and preload - SV CAP
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| what effect does increased intracellular calcium have on contractility and SV? | increases contractility and SV
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| how does decreased extracellular sodium affect contractility and SV? | increases contractility and SV
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| 5 things that decrease contractility and SV? | B1 block, heart failure, acidosis, hypoxea/hypercapnea, Ca++ channel blockers
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| what effect does digitalis have on contractility and SV? | increases them
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| preload is equal to what volume? | end diastolic volume
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| afterload is equal to what presure? | systolic arterial pressure (proportional to peripheral resistance)
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| what effect do venous dilators (e.g. nitroglycerin) have? | decrease preload
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| what effect do vasodilators (e.g. hydralazine) have? | decrease afterload
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| this increases slightly with exercise, increased blood volume (overtransfusion), and excitement (sympathetics) | preload
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| ejection fraction = ? | SV/EDV = (EDV-ESV)/EDV = index of contractility
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| ejection fraction is normally greater than or equal to? | >55%
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| resistance is directly proportional to what? | viscosity
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| resistance is inversely proportional to what? | radius to the 4th power
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| delta P = ? | Q x R
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| resistance = ? | [delta P/Q]/[8 x viscosity x length x r to the 4th]
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| what does viscosity mostly depend on? when is it increased? | hematocrit: increased in polycythemia, hyperproteinemic states (e.g. multiple myeloma), hereditary spherocytosis
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