Vocabulary
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| salinity | measure of the amount of dissolved salts in seawater
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| photosynthesis | process in which organisms use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make food and oxygen.
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| thermocline | layer of ocean water that begins at a depth of about 200 m. and becomes progresively colder with increasing depth.
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| surface current | ocean current that usually moves only the upper few hundred meters of seawater.
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| density current | forms when more dense seawater sinks beneath less dense seawater.
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| upwelling | a current in the ocean that brings deep, cold water to the ocean surface.
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| wave | rhyrhmic movement that carries energy through the water.
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| tide | rise and fall in sea level.
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| plankton | tiny marine organisms, such as diatoms, that float in the surface waters of every ocean.
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| nekton | marine animals, such as fish and turtles, that actively swin in ocean waters.
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| ecosystem | all of the communities in a given area and the abiotic factors that affect them.
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| producer | organizers that make their own food.
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| chemosynthesis | process that occurs in deep ocean water where sunlight does not penetrate, in which bacteria make food from dissolved sulfur compounds.
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| consumer | organism that gets its energy from eating producers.
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| decomposer | organism that breaks down tissue and releases nutrients and carbon dioxide back into the ecosystem.
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| food chain | model that describes how energy in the form of food passes from one organism to another.
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| Four reasons the ocean is important to us | food, medicines, salt, oxygen, water cycle.
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| How were Earth's oceans formed? | Water vapor from volcanoes cooled and condensed, rains filled basins.
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| Why does ocean water taste salty? | It contains dissolved substances.
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| How and why do temperature and pressure vary with ocean depth? | Solar energy heats the upper 200 m. Below 200 m., temperature drops rapidly. Pressure increases with depth because of the force of the water molecules pushing down.
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| How do winds create surface currents? | They push the water.
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| How does the rotation of Earth modify ocean currents in the northern hemisphere? | Surface currents curve to the right.
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| Why is surface water cooler newar San Diego, California than Charleston, South Carolina? | California: currents originate in northern latitudes. SC: currents originate at the equator.
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| What causes the density current in the Mediterranean Sea? | Surface evaporation produces salty, dense water. It sinks and less dense Atlantic water flows in to replace it.
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| How does wind create waves? | Friction from the wind pushes the water along.
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| What factors determine the size of waves? | Speed of the wind, length of time the wind blows, and distance over which the wind blows.
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| How does a water particle move in a wave? | Water particles move in a circle.
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| What causes a wave to break? | A wave breaks when its top overtakes its bottom.
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| What causes tides? | gravitational attraction of Earth and the Moon and Earth and the Sun.
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| How do spring tides and neap tides differ? | spring ides have large tidal range, neap tides have small tidal range.
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| How can waves erode shorelines? | the force of breaking waves removes sediments.
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| List the characteristics of producers | make own food
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| Characteristics if consumers | eat other organisms
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| characteristics of decomposers | break down tissue, release nutrients and CO
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| characteristics of plankton | float in currents
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| characteristics of nekton | actively swim
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| characteristics of bottomo-dwelling organisms | live on bottom, some attached, some walk or swim
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| Explain why every ecosystem must include producers as well as other organisms. | Producers make food and oxygen that other organisms need to survive.
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