Cell Bio/Histo/Path -3
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammation: Classic signs | -Rubor (redness) -Dolor (pain) -Calor (heat) -Tumor (Swelling) -Functio lassa (Loss of function)
🗑
|
||||
| Characteristics of Inflammation: Fluid exudation | 1. Increased vascular permeability 2. Vasodilation 3. Endothelial injury
🗑
|
||||
| Characteristics of Inflammation: Leukocyte activation | 1. Emigration 2. Chemotaxis 3. Phagocytosis and killing
🗑
|
||||
| Characteristics of Inflammation: Fibrosis | 1. Fibroblast emigration and proliferation 2. Deposition of extracellular material
🗑
|
||||
| Characteristics of Acute Inflammation | Mediated by: 1. Neutrophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Antibodies
🗑
|
||||
| Characteristics of Chronic Inflammation | Mediated by mononuclear cells: -Characterized by persistant destruction and repair -Granulomas: nodular collections of macrophages and giant cells
🗑
|
||||
| Characteristics of Inflammation: Resolution | 1. Restoration of normal structure 2. Granulation tissue 3. Abscess 4. Fistula 5. Scarring
🗑
|
||||
| Granulation tissue: histologic characteristics | -highly vascularized -fibrotic
🗑
|
||||
| Abscess: histologic characteristics | fibrosis surrounding pus
🗑
|
||||
| Fistula: characteristics | abnormal communication
🗑
|
||||
| Scarring: histologic characteristics | Collagen deposition resulting in altered structure and function
🗑
|
||||
| Steps in leukocyte emigration | 1. Rolling 2. Tight binding 3. Diapedisis 4. Migration
🗑
|
||||
| Leukocyte emigration step characteristics: Rolling | Binding between: -E-selectin on vascular endothelium -Sialyl-LewisX on the leukocyte
🗑
|
||||
| Leukocyte emigration step characteristics: Tight binding | binding between: -ICAM-1 on vascular endothelium -LFA-1 on leukocyte
🗑
|
||||
| Leukocyte emigration step characteristics: Diapedesis | leukocyte travels between endothelial cells and exits blood vessel
🗑
|
||||
| Leukocyte emigration step characteristics: Migration | Leukocyte travels through interstitium to the site of injury or infection guided by chemotactic signals
🗑
|
||||
| Chemotactic signals | 1. Bacterial products 2. Complement 3. Chemokines
🗑
|
||||
| Free radical injury: Initiated by what? | 1. Radiation exposure 2. Metabolism of drugs (phase I) 3. Redox reactions 4. Nitric oxide 5. Transition metals 6. Leukocyte oxidative burst
🗑
|
||||
| Free radical injury: Mechanism | -Membrane lipid peroxidation -Protein modification -DNA breakage
🗑
|
||||
| Free radical injury: Stopped by what? | -Spontaneous decay -Antioxidants --Vitamin E --Vitamin A -Enzymes --Catalase --Superoxide dismutase --Glutathione peroxidase
🗑
|
||||
| Major cause of injury after thrombolytic therapy | Free-radical production induced by reperfusion after anoxia
🗑
|
||||
| Hyperplasia: definition | reversible increase in number of cells
🗑
|
||||
| Metaplasia: definition | Reversible substitution of one cell type for another.
🗑
|
||||
| Metaplasia: When found? | Often secondary to irritation and/or environmental exposure (eg squamous metaplasia in trachea and bronchi of smokers)
🗑
|
||||
| Dysplasia: definition | Reversible abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape and size in comparison to normal tissue maturation
🗑
|
||||
| Dysplasia: When found? | In paraneoplastic syndromes
🗑
|
||||
| Anaplasia: definition | abnormal cells lacking differentiation, like primitive cells of same tissue.
🗑
|
||||
| Anaplasia: When found? | Undifferentiated malignancies
🗑
|
||||
| Neoplasia: Definition | A clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive
🗑
|
||||
| Difference between hyperplasia and dysplasia | Can occur together 1. hyperplasia - increase in number 2. dysplasia - abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of size, shape, and orientation
🗑
|
||||
| Appearance of cancerous cells | -High nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio -Clumped chromatin
🗑
|
||||
| How does carcinoma invade a basement membrane? | -Collagenases -Hydrolases
🗑
|
||||
| Seed and soil theory of metastasis | Seed: Tumor embolus Soil: Target organ
🗑
|
||||
| Tumor grade: definition | Degree of cellular differentiation based on histologic appearance of tumor
🗑
|
||||
| Tumor stage: definition | Degree of localization/spread based on site and size of primary lesion, spread to regional lymph nodes, and presence of metastases
🗑
|
||||
| Tumor grade vs stage: Quick characterization | grade: character of tumor itself stage: spread of tumor in a specific patient (Stage=Spread)
🗑
|
||||
| Tumor grade vs stage: Which has more prognostic value? | Stage
🗑
|
||||
| TNM staging system | Tumor size Node involvement Metastases
🗑
|
||||
| Benign tumors of cell type: Blood cells | Does not exist. The malignant blood cells are automatically metastasizing.
🗑
|
||||
| Benign tumors of cell type: Blood vessels | Hemangioma
🗑
|
||||
| Benign tumors of cell type: Smooth muscle | Leiomyoma
🗑
|
||||
| Benign tumors of cell type: Skeletal muscle | Rhabdomyoma
🗑
|
||||
| Benign tumors of cell type: Bone | Osteoma
🗑
|
||||
| Benign tumors of cell type: Fat | Lipoma
🗑
|
||||
| Benign tumors of cell type: >1 cell type | Mature teratoma (women)
🗑
|
||||
| Benign tumors of cell type: Epithelium | -Adenoma -Papilloma
🗑
|
||||
| Malignant tumor of cell type: Epithelium | -Adenocarcinoma -Papillary carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Malignant tumor of cell type: Blood cells | -Leukemia -Lymphoma
🗑
|
||||
| Malignant tumor of cell type: Blood vessels | Angiosarcoma
🗑
|
||||
| Malignant tumor of cell type: Smooth muscle | Leiomyosarcoma
🗑
|
||||
| Malignant tumor of cell type: Skeletal muscle | Rhabdomyosarcoma
🗑
|
||||
| Malignant tumor of cell type: Bone | Osteosarcoma
🗑
|
||||
| Malignant tumor of cell type: Fat | Liposarcoma
🗑
|
||||
| Malignant tumor of cell type: >1 cell type | Immature teratoma, Mature teratoma (men only)
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
Asclepius
Popular USMLE sets