New FA Micro 4
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| which has greater oral availability - amoxicillin or ampicillin? | amOxicillin | ||||
| spectrum of ampicillin, amoxicillin | "HELPS kill enterococci": h. flu, e. coli, listeria, proteus, salmonella, enterococci | ||||
| cefazolin and cephalexin are what generation cephalosporins? | first | ||||
| coverage of cefazolin and cephalexin? | "PEcK": proteus, e. coli, klebsiella (and gram positives) | ||||
| cefoxitin, cefaclor, cefuroxamine are what generation? | second | ||||
| coverage of cefoxitin, cefaclor, cefuroxamine? | "HEN PEcKS:" h. flu, enterobacter, neisseria, proteus, e. coli, klebsiella | ||||
| ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime are what generation? | third | ||||
| use of ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime? | serious gram-negative infections resistant to other beta lactams; meningitis; ex. ceftazidime for pseudomonas, ceftriaxone for gonorrhea | ||||
| cefepime, cefpiramide belong to what generation? | fourth | ||||
| use of cefepime, cefpiramide? | increased activity against pseudomonas and gram-positive organisms | ||||
| serum-like sickness in infants and kids can be seen with what cephalosporin? | ceflacor (2nd generation) | ||||
| this is an inhibitor of renal dihydropeptidase I | cilastin - decreases inactivation of imipenem in renal tubules | ||||
| why are aminoglycosides ineffective against anaerobes? | require O2 for uptake | ||||
| drug used for bowel surgery? | neomycin | ||||
| this tetracycline is an ADH antagonist - acts as a diuretic in SIADH | demeclocylcine | ||||
| clinical use of tetracyclines? | VACUUM THe BedRoom: vibrio cholerae, acne, chlamydia, ureaplasma urealyticum, mycoplasma, tularemia, h. pylori, borrelia burgdorferi, rickettsia | ||||
| this drug treats anaerobes above the diaphragm | clindamycin | ||||
| these drugs can cause leg cramps and myalgias in kids | fluoroquinolones | ||||
| used for anaerobes below the diaphragm | metronidazole | ||||
| how does nystatin work? | binds to ergosterol, disrupting fungal membranes (too toxic for systemic use) | ||||
| mechanism of the -azoles? | inhibit fungal steriod (ergosterol) synthesis | ||||
| toxicities of -azoles? | hormone synthesis inhibition (gynecomastia), liver dysfunction (inhibition of P450), fever, chills | ||||
| this antifungal inhibits DNA synthesis by conversion to fluorouracil, which competes with uracil | flucytosine | ||||
| toxicity of flucytosine | nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bone marrow suppression | ||||
| mechanism of caspofungin? | inhibits cell wall syntehsis | ||||
| use of caspofungin? | invasive aspergillosis | ||||
| toxicity of caspofungin? | GI upset, flushing | ||||
| this antifungal inhibits the fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase | terbinafine | ||||
| use of terbinafene? | used to treat dermatophytoses (especially onychomycosis) | ||||
| mechanism of griseofulvin? | interferes with microtubule function; disrupts mitosis; depostis in keratin-containing tissues (e.g. nails) | ||||
| clinical use of griseofulvin? | oral treatment of superficial infections; inhibits growth of dermatophytes (tinea, ringworm) | ||||
| toxicity of griseofulvin? | teratogenic, carcinogenic, confusion, headaches, increases warfarin metabolism | ||||
| two diseases transmitted by inhalation fo asexual spores? | coccidiomycosis and histoplasmosis | ||||
| treatment for superficial candidal infection? for systemic? | nystatin; amphotericin B | ||||
| Southwestern US, valley fever | coccidiomycosis | ||||
| Mississippi and Ohio river valleys | histoplasmosis | ||||
| rural Latin America | paracoccidiomycosis | ||||
| bird or bat droppings; intracellular (tiny yeast inside macrophages) | histoplasmosis | ||||
| Captain's wheel appearance | paracoccidiomycosis | ||||
| states east of Mississippi River and Central America | blastomycosis | ||||
| big, broad-based budding | blastomycosis | ||||
| dimorphic fungi | mold in soil; yeast in tissue | ||||
| on what do you culture fungi? | Sabouraud's agar | ||||
| systemic mycoses can mimic what? | TB (granuloma formation) | ||||
| what is cocidiomycosis in tissue? | spherule | ||||
| treatments for mycoses? | fluconazole or ketoconazole for local infection; ampho B for systemic infection | ||||
| what causes tinea versicolor? | malassezia furfur | ||||
| hypopigmented skin lesions in hot, humid weather | tinea versicolor | ||||
| treatment for tinea versicolor? | topical miconazole, selenium sulfide | ||||
| what does cladosporium werneckii cause? | tinea nigra | ||||
| infection of keratinized layer of skin; appears as brownish spot | tinea nigra | ||||
| treatment for tinea nigra? | salicylic acid | ||||
| pruritic lesions with central clearing resembling a ring, caused by dermatophytes | tinea pedis/cruris/corporis/capitis | ||||
| mold hyphae in KOH prep, not dimorphic | tinea pedis/cruris/corporis/capitis | ||||
| mold with septate hyphae that branch at a V-shaped (45 degree) angle | aspergillus | ||||
| culture on Sabourauds' agar, stains with India ink? | cryptococcus neoformans | ||||
| heavily encapsulated yeast, not dimorphic, found in soil & pigeon droppings | cryptococcus | ||||
| fungus ball | aspergillus | ||||
| mold with irregular nonseptate hyphae branching at wide angles (>90 degrees) | mucor and rhizopus | ||||
| in what type of patients is mucormycosis typically seen? | ketoacidotic diabetic and leukemic patients | ||||
| fungi proliferate in walls of blood vessels and cause infarction of distal tissue; rhinocerebral, frontal lobe abscesses | mucor and rhizopus |
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Created by:
Asclepius
on 2008-10-14