New FA Micro 1
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| teichoic acid is unique to what type of organisms? | gram-positive
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| endotoxin/LPS (outer membrane) is unique to what type of organisms? | gram-negative
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| what do teichoic acid and lipid A induce? | TNF and IL-1
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| space between the cytoplasmic membrane in gram-negative bacteria | periplasm - contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including beta lactamases
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| this mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces, e.g. indwelling catheters | glycocalyx - made of polysaccharide
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| this contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes, and toxins | plasmid - made of DNA
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| what is the only gram-positive with endotoxin? | listeria
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| what is exotoxin made of? | polypeptide
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| what is endotoxin made of? | lipopolysaccharide
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| typical diseases with exotoxin? | tetanus, botulism, diphtheria
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| tpical diseases with endotoxin? | meningococcemia, sepsis by gram-negative rods
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| gram-negative cocci? | neisseria
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| these have a gram-negative cell wall but are too small to be seen with light microscope | spirochetes - must be visualized with darkfield microscope
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| no cell wall; neither gram-positive or gram-negative | mycoplasma
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| name the 6 classic gram-positives | strep, staph, bacillus, clostridium, corynebacterium, listeria
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| lipopolysaccharide found in cell wall of gram-negative bacteria | endotoxin - heat stable
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| this bug inactivates elongation factor (EF-2), causes pharyngitis and pseudomembrane in throat | corynebacterium diphtheriae
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| ADP ribosylation of G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase, increasing pumping of Cl- and H20 into gut | cholera
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| what does e. coli heat-labile toxin stimulate? | adenylate cyclase
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| what does e. coli heat-stable toxin stimulate? | guanylate cyclase
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| what does bordatella pertussis stimulate? | adenylate cyclase; also inhibits chemokine receptor
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| double zone of hemolysis on blood agar? | C. perfringens
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| what does C. tetani block the release of? | inhibitory NT glycine
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| what does C. botulinum block the release of? | acetylcholine
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| what does shiga toxin do? | cleaves host cell rRNA; also enhances cytokine release, causing HUS
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| what type of bugs are rickettsia and chlamydia? | intracellular parasites
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| neisseria meningitidis ferments what? | maltose and glucose
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| neisseria gonorrhea ferments what? | glucose
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| what produces a blue-green pigment? | pseudomonas
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| what produces a red pigmetn? | serratia maracescens
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| IgA proteases allow what organisms to colonize mucosal surfaces? | strep pneumo, neisseria meningitidis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, h. flu
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| silver stain? | fungi, PCP, legionella
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| india ink? | cryptococcus neofromans
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| Ziehl-Neelsen stain? | acid-fast baceria
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| PAS stain? | stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides; used to diagnose Whipple's disease
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| Giemsa's stain? | borrelia, Plasmodium, trypanosomes, chlamydia
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| congo red? | amyloid; apple-green birefringence in polarized light (because of beta-pleated sheets)
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| chocolate agar with factors V and X? | H. influenzae
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| Thayer-Martin (VCN) agar? | N. gonorrhoeae
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| Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar? | B. pertussis
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| tellurite plate, Loffler's medium, blood agar? | C. diphtheriae
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| Lowenstein-Jensen agar? | M. tuberculosis
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| pink colonies on MacConkey's agar? | lactose-fermenting enterics - Klebsiella, e. coli, enterobacter (fast); citrobacer, serratia (slow)
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| charcoal yeast agar buffered with increased iron and cysteine? | Legionella
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| Sabouraud's agar? | fungi
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| obligate aerobes (4) | "Nagging Pests Must Breathe" Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium TB, Bacillus
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| obligate anaerobes (3) | clostridium, bacteriodes, actinomyces - lack catylase and/or superoxide dismutase, and thus are susceptible to oxidative damage; generally foul smelling, difficult to culture, and produce gas in tissue (CO2 and H2)
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| obligate intracellular bugs (2) | rickettsia, chlamydia (stay inside when it's Really Cold)
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| facultative intracellular (8) | "Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY": salmonella, neisseria, brucella, mycobacterium, listeria, francisella, legionella, yersinia
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| encapsulated bugs (4) | strep pneumo, H. flu, neisseria meningitidis, klebsiella - positive quellung reaction
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| bacillus anthracis, c. perfringens, and c. tetani form what? | spores (gram positive soil bugs)
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| alpha hemolytic bacteria? | strep pneumo (catalase negative and optochin sensitive), viridans strep (catalase negative and optochin resistant)
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| beta hemolytic bacteria? | staph aureus (catalase, coagulase +), strep pyogenes (catalase -, bacitracin sensitive), strep agalactiae (catalase -, bacitracin resistant), listeria
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| how do you differentiate strep pyogenes form strep agalactiae? | strep pyogenes - bacitracin sensitive, strep agalactiae - bacitracin resistant
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| DNA transferred from 1 bacterium to another | conjugation
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| nature of DNA transferred in conjugation | chromosomal or plasmid
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| DNA transferred by a virus from 1 cell to another | transduction
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| nature of DNA transferred in transduction | any gene in generalized transduction; only certain genes in specialized transduction
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| purified DNA taken up by a cell | transformation (any DNA)
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| most capsules are made out of polysaccharide except bacillus anthracis, which contains what? | d-glutamate
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