ch.1,14.1,14.2, margin of error
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| variable | a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values
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| data | the values of the variables assume
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| random variable | variables whose values are determined by chance
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| data value (datum) | each value of the data set
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| probability | chance of an event occurring
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| population | consists of all subjects
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| sample | consists of only a select few of a population
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| 3 examples of how statistics is used in everyday life | fields of human endeavor, analyze the results of a survey, used as a tool in scientific research to make decisions based on controlled experiments
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| 3 reasons to study statistics | become better consumers, in your professional field, to conduct research
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| descriptive | consists of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data
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| inferential | consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions
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| qualitative | variables that can be placed into distinct categories (not numbers)
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| quantitative | numerical and can be ordered or ranked
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| discrete | variables that assume values that can be counted
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| continuous | variables that can assume an infinite number of values between and two specific values. (often fraction and decimals)
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| boundaries | length-15cm-14.5-15.5cm
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| nominal | gender, zip code, political party
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| ordinal | letter grades
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| interval | SAT scores
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| ratio | height, weight, area
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| two purposes for data collection | describe situations or events, help people make better decisions before acting
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| 3 ways to collect data | surveys, mailed questionnaire, personal interview
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| telephone surveys | advantage-lest costly, people are truthful
disadvantages-not all people are surveyed
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| mailed questionnaire | advantage-cover wider geographic area
disadvantage- low number of responses
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| personal interview | advantage-obtain in-depth responses
disadvantage-more costly, interviewers may be biased
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| random sampling | generating numbers by computer
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| systematic sampling | every kth subject
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| stratified sampling | dividing population into groups then selection a couple from each group
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| cluster sampling | diving into groups then using everyone in that group
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| statistics | The science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions
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| observational study | age of motorcycles
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| experimental study | types of instruction affects the number of sit-ups done
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| advantages for observational | occurs in a natural setting
can be done in dangerous or unethical situations
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| advantages of experimental studies | researchers can decide how to select and group subjects
researchers can control or manipulate individual variables
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| disadvantages of observational | a definite cause and effect situation cannot be determined since other factors have an effect on the results
can be expensive and time consuming
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| disadvantages of experimental | may occur in unnatural settings
Hawthorne Effect- subject knows that they are participating and will act differently
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| Independent variable | explanatory variable- the one that is being manipulated EX. type of instruction
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| Dependent Variable | outcome variable-resultant variable-the variable that is being studied to see if it changes due to manipulation EX. number of sit-ups
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| quasi-experimental | when random assignments are not possible-use an intact group
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| confounding variable | one that influences the results of the dependent variable but cannot be separated from the independent variable
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| biased sample | selected incorrectly an error was made in the selection
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| unbiased sample | chosen at random from a population. Representative of the whole population
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| sequential sampling | used in quality control successive units taken from the production line and sampled to ensure the product meets the standards
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| double sampling | a large population is given a questionnaire to see who meets the requirements for the study. After reviewing the questionnaire a smaller population is defined and a sample is chosen from this population
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| margin of error | 1/square root of n population
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| interval | p +/- 1/ square root of n populaiton
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