Ch.1 14.1 14.2 Margin of Error
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Variable | a characteristic or attribute that can assume different
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| Data | the values the variables assume
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| Random Variable | variables whose values are determined by chance
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| Data Set | a collection of data values
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| Data Value - Datum | each value of the data set
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| Probability | the chance of an event occurring
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| Population | all the subjects that are being studied
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| Sample | a group of subjects selected from a population
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| Hypothesis Testing | decision-making process for evalutating claims about a population
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| Statisitics | the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data
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| 3 examples of how statistics is used in everyday life | gambling, sports, public health
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| 3 reasons to study statistics | Read and understand the various statistical studies performed in your fields
You may be called on to conduct research in your field
Can become better consumers and citizens
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| Descriptive | consists of collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data Ex. U.S. population senses
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| Inferential | generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions. Ex. gambling
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| Quantitative | numerical and can be ordered or ranked Ex. age, height, weight
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| Qualitative | can be placed into distinct categories but not ranked Ex. gender, color, religion
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| Discrete | quantitative- variables that assume values that can be counted Ex. # of children, # of students
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| Continuous | quantitative- variables that can assume an infinite number values between any 2 specific values. Ex. capacity
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| Boundaries | Ex. 18 17.5 - 18.5
4.68 4.675 - 4.685
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| Nominal | no order or rank can be imposed on the data Ex. gender, zip code
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| Ordinal | precise differences between ranks do not exist Ex. rating public speakers, rating floats (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
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| Interval | precise differences between units of measure; no meaningful zero Ex. IQ test, Temperature
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| Ratio | same as interval but with a meaningful zero Ex. height, weight
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| 2 purposes of data collection | to describe situations or events
to help people make better decisions before acting
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| 3 ways to collect data | surveys, survey records, direct observation
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| Random Sampling | putting random numbers in a hat and having people pull them out randomly
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| Systematic Sampling | every fourth person being selected from a group
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| Stratified Sampling | splitting people into groups by gender and only taking 10 from each group
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| Cluster Sampling | characterizing people into 5 groups and taking all the people of 2 of these groups
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| Telephone survey | advantage-people can be more candid
disadvantage- not all people can be surveyed
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| Mailed survey | advantage- can cover a wider geographic area
disadvantage- low number of responses
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| Personal interview | advantage- can obtain in-depth response
disadvantage- more costly
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| Observational- Examples | Age of motorcycle owners
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| Experimental- Examples | Type of instruction affects the number of sit-ups
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| Observational- advantages and disadvantages | Natural setting; can be done in dangerous situations; can be done using variable that can't be manipulated
Definite cause and effect can't be found; expensive and time consuming; may have inaccuracies in measurements
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| Experimental- advantages and disadvantages | Researcher can decide how to select and group subjects; can control the manipulated variable
Unnatural setting; Hawthorne Effect; Confounding variable
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| Independent Variables | the variable that is being manipulated by the researcher
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| Dependent Variables | the variable that is being studied to see if it changes due to the manipulated
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| 5 uses of statistics | To describe data; To compare two or more data sets; To determine if variables are related; To test hypothesis; To make estimates about population variances
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| 7 misuses of statistics | Suspect samples; Ambiguous averages; Changing the subject; Detached statistics; Implied connections; Misleading graph; Faulty survey
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| Things that make bad questions | Biased questions; Confusing words; Double-barreled questions; Double negatives in a question; Improper ordering of questions
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| Problems of getting random samples and systematic | being able to number the whole population
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| true vs. quasi experiments | True- sample selected randomly
Quasi- using intact group because separation is not possible
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| Confounding Varibles | a variable that influences the results of dependent but cannot be separated from the independent
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| Hawthorne Effect | the subject knows that they are participating and purposely change their behavior in ways that it affects the results
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| Control Group | the group that does not receive the treatment
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| Treatment group | the group that receives specific treatment
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| Margin of Error | +/- 1/(sq rt n)
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| MoE Interval | The percent +/- the margin of error
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| Biased question | a question that leads people to respond a certain way changing the results of the study
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| Sequential Sampling | used in quality control
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| Double sampling | Giving a huge population a questionnaire to find out who is qualified for the actual study
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| Multistage sampling | uses multiple types sampling
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