AP Bio Chapter 6
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| Metabolism | The totality of an organism's chemical processes
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| Catabolic Pathways | Release of energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
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| Anabolic Pathways | Consumption of energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones
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| Bioenergetics | The study of how organisms manage their energy resources
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| Kinetic Energy | The energy of motion
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| Potential Energy | Stored energy with the capacity to do work
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| Thermodynamics | The study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
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| First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy can be transferred and transformed, but can never be created or destroyed
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics | Every energy transfer or transformation makes the universe more disordered
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| Entropy | A measure of disorder, or randomness
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| Free Energy | The portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature is uniform throughout the system
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| Exergonic Reaction | Proceeds with a net release of free energy
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| Endergonic Reaction | Absorbs free energy from it's surroundings
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| Energy Coupling | The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
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| ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) | Nitrogenous base adenine attached to ribose attached to three phosphate groups
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| Phosphorylated Intermediate | More reactive (less stable) than the original molecule due to the addition of a phosphate group
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| Enzyme | A catalytic protein
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| Catalyst | A chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
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| Free Energy of Activation (Activation Energy) | The initial investment of energy for starting a reaction
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| Induced Fit | Bringing of chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the chemical reaction
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| Cofactor | Nonprotein helpers for catalytic activity
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| Coenzyme | An organic cofactor
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| Competitive Inhibitors | Reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking the substrate from entering active sites
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| Noncompetitive Inhibitors | Does not directly compete with the substrate at the active site. Instead, they impede enzymatic reactions by bonding to another part of the enzyme
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| Allosteric Site | A specific receptor site on some part of the molecule remote from the active site
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| Feedback Inhibition | Switching off of a metabolic pathway by its end product, which acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within the pathway
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