Bone Introduction
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| The Skeletal System is composed of________? | Bones, Cartilage, and Ligaments.
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| ________ hold bones together at the joints. | Ligaments
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| ________ are similar to ligaments- but attach muscle to bones. | Tendons (Dense Regular Connective tissue)
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| Skeletal Function 'Support':________ | Supports body upright and provides shape to body.
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| Skeletal function 'Movement':________ | Skeletal muscles attach to bone to produce movement.
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| Skeletal function 'Protection':________ | Protects organs from injury.example: Skull/Brain, Ribs/Lungs
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| Skeletal function 'Blood Formation':_______ | 'Red Bone Marrow'- major producer of blood cells.
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| Skeletal function '_________': stores calcium and phosphate - and releases them when needed. | 'Electrolyte Balance'
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| Skeletal Function '_________': bone buffers the blood against excessive pH changes. | 'Acid-base balance'
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| Skeletal function 'Detoxification':________ | Bone tissue removes heavy metals and other foreign elements from the blood.
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| Bone or osseous tissue is a _________ tissue. | Connective
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| ______ is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals. | Matrix
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| The hardening process of bone(s) matrix is called? | Mineralization or Calcification.
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| Long Bones: cylindrical in shape and significantly longer than they are wide. Example:_______ | Femur, Radius, and Ulna.
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| Short Bones: nearly equal in length and width, limited motion, usually glide next to one another. Example? | Talus (ankle joint) and Carpals (wrist bones).
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| Flat Bones: enclose and protect organs- providing broad surface(s) for muscle attachment. Example? | Scapula (protects ribs) and Sternum (protects heart and lungs)
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| Irregular Bones: elaborate shapes... Example? | Sphenoid bone and Vertebrae
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| _________ is the outer shell of dense white osseous tissue. | Compact (dense) bone
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| Compact bone encloses ________, which is a more loosely organized form of bone. | Spongy (cancellous) bone
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| _______-shaft, cylinder of compact bone enclosing a space called the medullary cavity. | Diaphysis
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| _______ is the expanded head(s) of bones- providing surface area for ligament & tendon attachments- filled w/ spongy bone. | Epiphysis
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| Medullary cavity is filled with_______? | Bone Marrow
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| _________is found in children and adolescents and is made up of hylaine cartilage separating the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis. | Epiphyseal Plate
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| The epiphyseal _____ occurs in the bone after mature growth. | line
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| The sheath of tissue that surrounds the bone that has a tough outer fibrous layer of collagen is called the _____? | Periosteum
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| Blood vessels of the periosteum are called ______? | Nutrient Arteries
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| The thin layer that lines the internal surface of bone is the _______? | Endosteum
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| What kind of cartilage is located at the ends of adjoining bones in most joints? | Articular or Hyaline cartilage.
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| In the skull- the spongy layer between the two layers of compact bone is called the _____? | Diploe (it absorbs shock - so the inner layer of compact bone isn't damaged)
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| Osseous Tissue (connective bone tissue) is made up of_____, _____, and _____ ? | Cells, fibers, and ground substance.
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| The ________ cells are the stem cells found in the endosteum, inner layer of the periosteum, and within the central canals of the osteon. | Osteogenic cells (the only cells that undergo mitosis).
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| the bone forming cells that synthesize the organic matter and help to mineralize bone are_______. | Osteoblasts (responds to stress on bone by accelerating the mitosis of osteogenic cells- resulting in an increase of osteoblasts). Non-mitotic
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| Former osteoblasts that become trapped in the matrix are______? | Osteocytes
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| Osteocytes live in tiny cavities called______? | Lacunae
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| The cells within a bone that are called the strain sensors are the _______? | Osteocytes
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| The ____ ____ of the osteocytes connect to each other via gap junctions, allowing them to pass nutrients and chemical signals to each other. | Cytoplasmic Process
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| The bone dissolving macrophages found on the bones surface are _________. They are formed when several stem cells fuse together and are unusually large cells. | Osteoclasts
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| Osteoclasts are stimulated by :1.2.3.4. | 1. lack of bone stress and movement(bed rest,brace/cast) 2. Steroid drugs 3. Decreased estrogen or testosterone. 4. Anti-estrogen drugs( used to prevent and fight breast cancer).
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| Bone Matrix is made up of 1/3________material and 2/3_______material. This combo allows bone strength and flexibility. | Organic material(collagen, protein-carbohydrate) and inorganic material.
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| ________in bone gives it the ability to resist tension. | Collagen
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| ______ ______ are layers of matrix concentrically arranged around a central canal. | Concentric lamellae
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| ______ canal contains blood vessels and nerves and runs proximal-distal within the bone. | Central Canal
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| Central canal and its concentric lamellae form an ______. The basic structural unit of compact bone. | Osteon
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| ________ are tiny cavities that house the osteocytes. They lie between the adjacent layers of the matrix. | Lacunae
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| The inner and outer boundaries of compact bone are arranged in ______ _______ that run parallel to the bone surface. | Circumferential Lamellae
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| Between osteons, you can find irregular patches of ______ ______- remains of old osteons that have broken down as the bone grew. | Interstitial Lamellae
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| Spongy bone consists of thin plates called _____, and rods and spines called ______? | Trabeculae and Spicules
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| Bone Marrow is a soft tissue that occupies: 1.______ 2.______ 3.______ | 1. the medullary cavity of a long bone.
2. the spaces within the trabeculae of spongy bone.
3. and the larger central canals.
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| ________ is a hemopoitic tissue- which produces red blood cells. | Red bone marrow
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| With age, the red bone marrow is gradually replaced with the fatty _______. | Yellow bone marrow
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| By early adulthood, red bone marrow is limited to : 1._____ 2._____ 3._____ 4._____ 5._____ | 1. vertebrae
2. sternum
3. ribs
4. pectoral and pelvic girdle
5. proximal heads of femur and humerus
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| Formation of bone is called _______ or _______. | Ossification(fetal skulls) or Osteogenesis(undergoes mitosis).
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| Two methods of ossification and osteogenesis are_______ and _______. | Endochondral Ossification and Intramembranous Ossification.
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| The formation of long bones is_________, which is the process by which bone develops from hyaline cartilage. | Endochondral Ossification
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| The process that produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle is_____. | Intramembranous Ossification
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| Cartilage grows by what two mechanisms? | 1. Interstitial growth (adding more matrix internally)
2. Appositional growth (adding more to the surface)
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| _________ growth at the epiphyseal plate adds length to bones and mature bones grow only with _______ growth. | Interstitial growth and Appositional growth
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| Name 5 factors that Promote Bone Deposition. | 1. calcium and phosphate- raw materials for ground substance
2. Vitamin C - promotes linking of collagen and other connective tissues.
2.Vitamin D - for calcium absorption.
3.Growth Hormone - promotes intestinal absorption of calcium
4. Sex Steroids
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| Name 1 factor that promotes Bone Resorption. | Parathyroid hormone- is released in response to low blood calcium to promote osteoclasts.
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| _________ is the loss of bone that is severe enough to compromise physical activity and health. | Osteoporosis (porous bones)
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