Hints from Exam Cram NCLEX
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| Sodium: | 135-145 mEq/L
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| Potassium: | 3.5-5.5 mEq/L
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| Calcium: | 8.5-10.9 mg/L
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| Chloride: | 95-105 mEq/L
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| Magnesium: | 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
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| Phosphorus: | 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
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| RBC: | 4.5-5.0 million
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| WBC: | 5,000-10,000
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| Platelet.: | 200,000-400,000
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| Hgb: | 12-16 gms women; 14-18 gms men
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| HC03: | 24-26 mEq/L
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| C02: | 35-45 mEq/L
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| Pa02: | 80%-100%
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| Sa02: | > 95%
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| Glucose: | 70-110 mg/dL
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| Specific gravity: | 1.010-1.030
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| BUN: | 7-22 mg/dL
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| Serum creatinine: | 0.6-1.35 mg/dL (< 2 in older adults)
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| LDH: | 100-190 U/L
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| CPK: | 21-232 U/L
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| Uric acid: | 3.5-7.5 mg/dL
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| Triglyceride: | 40-50 mg/dL
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| Total cholesterol: | 130-200 mg/dL
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| Bilirubin: | < 1.0 mg/dL
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| Protein: | 6.2-8.1 g/dL
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| Albumin: | 3.4-5.0 g/dL
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| Digoxin: | 0.5-2.0 ng/ml
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| Lithium: | 0.8-1.5 mEq/L
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| Dilantin: | 10-20 mcg/dL
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| Theophylline: | 10-20 mcg/dL
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| Heart rate: | 80-100
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| Respiratory rate: | 12-20
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| Blood pressure: | 110-120 (systolic); 60-90 (diastolic)
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| Temperature: | 98.6°
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| FHR: | 120-160 BPM
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| FHR Variability: | 6-10 BPM.
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| Contractions: normal frequency | 2-5 minutes apart
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| Contractions normal duration | < 90 sec.
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| Contractions intensity | < 100 mm/hg.
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| Amniotic fluid: | 500-1200 ml (nitrozine urine-litmus paper green/amniotic fluid-litmus paper blue).
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| APGAR meaning | A = appearanceP = pulses, G = grimace, A = activity, R = reflexes
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| APGAR scoring done at | 1 and 5 minutes
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| APGAR scoring: | 0 for absent, 1 for decreased, and 2 for strongly positive
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| AVA: | The umbilical cord has two arteries and one vein (Arteries carry deoxygenated blood. The vein carries oxygenated blood.)
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| FAB 9—Folic acid = B9 | B stands for brain (decreases the incidence of neural tube defects); the client should begin taking B9 three months prior to becoming pregnant.
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| Decelerations are _______________findings on the fetal monitoring strip. | abnormal
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| Decelerations are classified as | Early, Variable and Late
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| Early decelerations | Begin prior to the peak of the contraction and end by the end of the contraction. They are caused by head compression. There is no need for intervention if the variability is within normal range (that is, there is a rapid return to the baseline fetal hear
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| Variable decelerations | noted as V-shaped on the monitoring strip. Variable decels can occur anytime during monitoring of the fetus. They are caused by cord compression. The intervention is to change the mother's position; if pitocin is infusing, stop infusion, alert physician
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| Late decelerations | Occur after the peak of the contraction and mirror the contraction in length and intensity. These are caused by uteroplacental insuffiency. The intervention is to change the mother's position; if pitocin is infusing, stop the infusion; apply oxygen;, and
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| TORCHS syndrome in the neonate | A combination of diseases including toxoplasmosis, rubella (German measles), cytomegalovirus, herpes, and syphyllia. Pregnant nurses should not be assigned to care for the client with toxoplasmosis or cytomegalovirus.
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| STOP-This is the treatment for maternal hypotension after an epidural anesthesia: | 1. Stop pitocin if infusing. 2. Turn the client on the left side. 3. Administer oxygen. 4. If hypovolemia is present, push IV fluids.
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| Coumadin (sodium warfarin) PT: | 10-12 sec. (control).
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| The antidote for Coumadin is | vitamin K.
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| Heparin/Lovenox/Dalteparin PTT: | 30-45 sec. (control).
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| The antidote for Heparin is | protamine sulfate.
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| Therapeutic level: It is important to maintain a bleeding time that is slightly prolonged so that clotting will not occur; therefore, the bleeding time with mediication should be: | 1 1/2-2 times the control.
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| The control (for anticoagulants) is | the premedication bleeding time.
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| Rule of nines for calculating TBSA for burns | Head = 9% ; Arms = 18% (9% each) ; Back = 18% ; Legs = 36% (18% each) ; Genitalia = 1%
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| Arab American cultural attributes | Females avoid eye contact with males; touch is accepted if done by same-sex healthcare providers; most decisions are made by males; Muslims (Sunni) refuse organ donation; most Arabs do not eat pork; they avoid icy drinks when sick or hot/cold drinks toget
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| Asian American cultural attributes | They avoid direct eye contact; feet are considered dirty (the feet should be touched last during assessment); males make most of the decisions; they usually refuse organ donation; they generally do not prefer cold drinks, believe in the "hot-cold" theory
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| Native American cultural attributes | They sustain eye contact; blood and organ donation is generally refused; they might refuse circumcision; may prefer care from the tribal shaman rather than using western medicine.
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| Mexican American cultural attributes | They might avoid direct eye contact with authorities; they might refuse organ donation; most are very emotional during bereavement; believe in the "hot-cold" theory of illness.
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| Jehovah's Witness | No blood products should be used
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| Hindu | No beef or items containing gelatin
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| Jewish | Special dietary restrictions, use of kosher foods
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| Renal diet | High calorie, high carbohydrate, low protein, low potassium, low sodium, and fluid restricted to intake = output + 500 ml
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| Gout diet | Low purine; omit poultry ("cold chicken") medication for acute episodes: Colchicine; maintenance medication: Zyloprim
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| Heart healthy diet | Low fat (less than 30% of calories should be from fat)
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| ROME (respiratory opposite/metabolic equal) is a quick way of remembering that: | in respiratory acid/base disorders the pH is opposite to the other components. For example, in respiratory acidosis, the pH is below normal and the C02 is elevated, as is the HC03 (respiratory opposite). In metabolic disorders, the components of the lab
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| pH down, C02 up, and HC03 up: | respiratory acidosis
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| pH down, C02 down, and HC03 down: | metabolic acidosis
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| pH up, C02 down, and HC03 down: | respiratory alkalosis
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| pH up, C02 up, and HC03 up : | metabolic alkalosis
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| Addison's and Cushing's are diseases of the __________________ system involving either overproduction or inadequate production of cortisol. | endocrine
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| Treatment for the client with Addison's: | increase sodium intake; medications include cortisone preparations.
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| Treatment for the client with Cushing's: | restrict sodium; observe for signs of infection.
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| Treatment for spider bites/bleeding | RICE (rest, ice, compression, and elevate extremity)
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| Treatment for sickle cell crises | HHOP (heat, hydration, oxygen, pain medications)
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| Five Ps of fractures and compartment syndrome—These are symptoms of fractures and compartment syndrome: | Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Paresthesia, Polar (cold)
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| Hip fractures commonly: | hemorrhage
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| Femur fractures are at risk for: | fat emboli
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| Profile of gallbladder disease | Fair, fat, forty, five pregnancies, flatulent (actually gallbladder disease can occur in all ages and both sexes)
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| Delegate sterile skills such as dressing changes to the: | RN or LPN.
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| Where nonskilled care is required, you can delegate the stable client to the: | nursing assistant.
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| Choose the most critical client to assign to the______such as the client who has recently returned from chest surgery. | RN
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| Clients who are being discharged should have final assessments done by the: | RN
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| The PN, like the RN, can monitor clients with | IV therapy, insert urinary catheters and feeding tubes, apply restraints, discontinue IVs, drains, and sutures.
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| For room assignments, do not coassign the post-operative client with clients who have: | vomiting, diarrhea, open wounds, or chest tube drainage.
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| Remember the ___________________ when answering questions choices that ask who would you see first. | A, B, Cs (airway, breathing, circulation)
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| For hospital triage, care for the client with a ________________ or__________________ first. | life-threatening illness or injury
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| For disaster triage, choose to triage first those clients who can: | be saved with the least use of resources.
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| The ___ and the __________ institute seclusion protection. | RN, Physician
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| The ____ or the _________ nurse can pronounces client dead. | MD, hospice
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| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibiting agents: | Benazepril (Lotensin), lisinopril (Zestril), captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), fosinopril (Monopril), moexipril (Univas), quinapril (Acupril), ramipril (Altace)
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| Beta adrenergic blockers: | Acebutolol (Monitan, Rhotral, Sectral), atenolol (Tenormin, Apo-Atenol, Nova-Atenol), esmolol (Brevibloc), metaprolol (Alupent, Metaproterenol), propanolol (Inderal)
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| Anti-infective drugs: | Gentamicin (Garamycin, Alcomicin, Genoptic), kanamycin (Kantrex), neomycin (Mycifradin), streptomycin (Streptomycin), tobramycin (Tobrex, Nebcin), amikacin (Amikin)
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| Benzodiazepine drugs: | Clonazepam (Klonopin), diazepam (Valium), chlordiazepox-ide (Librium), lorazepam (Ativan), flurazepam (Dalmane)
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| Phenothiazine drugs: | Chlopromazine (Thorazine), prochlorperazine (Compazine), trifluoperazine (Stelazine), promethazine (Phenergan), hydroxyzine (Vistaril), fluphenazine (Prolixin)
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| Glucocorticoid drugs: | Prednisolone (Delta-Cortef, Prednisol, Prednisolone), prednisone (Apo-Prednisone, Deltasone, Meticorten, Orasone, Panasol-S), betametha-sone (Celestone, Selestoject, Betnesol), dexamethasone (Decadron, Deronil, Dexon, Mymethasone, Dalalone), cortisone (Co
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| Antivirals: | Acyclovir (Zovirax), ritonavir (Norvir), saquinavir (Invirase, Fortovase), indinavir (Crixivan), abacavir (Ziagen), cidofovir (Vistide), ganciclovir (Cytovene, Vitrasert)
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| Cholesterol-lowering drugs: | Atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol), simvas-tatin (Zocar), rosuvastatin (Crestor)
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| Angiotensin receptor blocker drugs: | Valsartan (Diovan), candesartan (Altacand), losartan (Cozaar), telmisartan (Micardis)
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| Cox 2 enzyme blocker drugs: | Celecoxib (Celebrex), valdecoxib (Bextra)
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| Histamine 2 antagonist drugs: | Cimetidine (Tagamet), famotidine (Pepcid), nizatidine (Axid), rantidine (Zantac)
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| Proton pump inhibitors: | Esomeprazole (Nexium), lansoprazole (Prevacid), pantopra-zole (Protonix), rabeprazole (AciPhex)
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| Anticoagulant drugs: | Heparin sodium (Hepalean), enoxaparin sodium (Lovenox), dalteparin sodium (Fragmin)
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| Schedule I drugs | Research use only (example LSD)
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| Schedule II drugs | Requires a written prescription (example Ritalin)
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| Schedule III drugs | Requires a new prescription after six months or five refills (example codeine)
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| Schedule IV drugs | Requires a new prescription after six months (example Darvon)
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| Schedule V drugs | Dispensed as any other prescription or without prescription if state law allows (example antitussives)
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| Antacids | Reduce hydrochloric acid in the stomach
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| Antianemics | Increase red blood cell production
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| Anticholenergics | Decrease oral secretions
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| Anticoagulants | Prevent clot formation
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| Anticonvulsants | Used for management of seizures/bipolar disorder
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| Antidiarrheals | Decrease gastric motility and reduce water in bowel
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| Antihistamines | Block the release of histamine
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| Antihypertensives | Lower blood pressure and increase blood flow
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| Anti-infectives | Used for the treatment of infections
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| Bronchodilators | Dilate large air passages in asthma/lung disease
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| Diuretics | Decrease water/sodium from the Loop of Henle
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| Laxatives | Promote the passage of stool
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| Miotics | Constrict the pupils
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| Mydriatics | Dilate the pupils
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| Narcotics/analgesics | Relieve moderate to severe pain
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| tort | litigation in which one person asserts that an injury, which may be physical, emotional, or financial, occurred as a consequence of another's actions or failure to act.
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| negligence | harm that results because a person did not act reasonably
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| malpractice | prefessional negligence
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| slander | character attacked and uttered in the presence of others
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| assault | act in which there is a threat or attempt to do bodily harm
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| battery | unauthorized physical contact
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