Heart Development
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| Cardiac progenitor cells lie in the _____, immediately lateral to the _______. They then migrate through the _______. | Epiblast, primitive streak, streak
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| The cardiac progenitor cells proceed toward the ______ and position themselves rostral to the _______ and _______. | cranium, buccopharyngeal membrane, neural folds
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| When positioned rostal to the buccopharyngeal membrane and neural folds, the cells reside in the ___________ of the ________ mesoderm | splanchnic layer, lateral plate
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| The cells are induced by the underlying _____ to form cardiac myoblasts | pharyngeal endoderm
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| ______ also appear in this mesoderm | Blood islands
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| Process by which the blood islands form blood cells and vessels | Vasculogenesis
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| The blood islands unite and form a horseshoe-shaped endothelial lined tube surrounded by myoblasts. It is known as _______ | cardiogenic field
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| The intraembryonic cavity over the cardiogenic field later develops into the ______ | Pericardial cavity
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| Some blood islands appear bilaterally, parallel, and close to the midline. They form a pair of longitudinal vessels called ______ | dorsal aortae
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| The CNS grows rapidly and extends over the central cardiogenic area and the future paricardial cavity. The buccopharyngeal membrane is pulled forward. The heart and pericardial cavity move first to the _______ region, and finally to the _______. | cervical region, thorax
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| The heart tube consists of: | endocardium, the myocardium (forming the muscular wall), the epicardium (visceral pericardium)
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| This layer of the heart tube forms the coronary arteries, including their endothelial lining and smooth muscle | epicardium
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| Formation of the cardiac loop: | ventrally, caudally, and to the right.
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| The bulbus cordis is narrow except at the proximal third, which will form the __________ part of the _____ ventricle | trabeculated, right
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| The midportion of the bulbus, ______, forms the __________ of both ventricles | conus cordis, outflow tracks
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| The distal part of the bulbus, the _______, forms the roots and proximal portion of the ____ and _____. | truncus arteriosus, aorta, pulmonary artery
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| The primitive ventricle, which is trabeculated, is called the primitive ____ ventricle. | left
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| The trabeculated proximal third of the bulbus cordis may be called the primitive _____ ventricle. | right
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| When the heart lies on the right side of the thorax instead of the left, ___________. | dextrocardia, the heart loops to the left instead of the right.
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| Dextrocardia might coincide with ______, which is a complete reversal of asymmetry in all organs. | situs inversus
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| When some organs are reversed and others are not is called _____. | Heterotaxy
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| The master gene of heart development, which is induced by anterior endoderm. | NKX2.5
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| The signals to express NKX2.5 require the secretion of ____ and ____. These are secreted by the _______ and ________ | BMP2 and BMP4, endoderm and lateral plate mesoderm
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| _______ proteins (produced by the neural tube) must be blocked, as they normally inhibit heart development. These proteins are inhibited by ______ and ______. | WNT, cresent and cerberus
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| The homologue of NKX2.5 that regulates heart development in Drosophila | Tinman
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| ______, another transcription factor in heart development, is expressed later than NKX2.5 and plays a role in _______. | TBX5, Septation
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| Cardiac looping is dependent on the laterality inducing genes _____ and _____ | nodal, lefty2
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| Nodal and lefty2 induce the expression of transcription factor _____ in the ______ mesoderm on the _____ side of the heart | PITX2, lateral plate, left
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| NKX2.5 upregulates the expression of _____ and ____, which are transcription factors expressed in the primitive heart tube. | HAND1 and HAND2
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| The right and left horns receive blood from these veins: | vitelline or omphlomesenteric vein, umbilical vein, common cardinal vein
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| The obliteration of the right umbilical vein and the left vitelline vein causes the ______________. | the left sinus horn to rapidly loose its importance
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| When the left common cardinal vein is obliterated in week 10, all the remains of the left sinus horn is the _________ and _________. | oblique vein of the left atrium, coronary sinus
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| The right horn eventually forms the only communication between the original sinus venousus and the atrium. It is incorporated into the right atrium to form __________. | the smooth walled part of the right atrium.
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| The ________ portion of the right venous valve disappears entirely. | superior
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| The inferior portion of the right venous valve develops into two parts: | valve of the inferior vena cava, valve of the coronary sinus
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| The ___________ forms the division between the original trabeculated part of the right atrium and the smooth walled part, the sinus venarum, which originated from the right sinus horn. | crista terminalis
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| The septum can be formed by a method where two masses of tissue, called ________, approach each other until they fuse. | endocardial cushions
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| The endocardial cushions help form: | atrial and ventricular (membranous) septa, and the aortic and pulmonary channels
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| Another way to form the cardiac septa is by way of a ridge that forms between to rapidly expanding portions. This type of septum _________ the atria and ventricles. | partially divides
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| A sickle-shaped crest grows from the roof of the common atrium into the ______. This crest is the first part of the _______. | lumen, septum primum
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| The opening between the lower rim of the septum primum and the endocardial cushions is the _______. | "ostium (a.k.a. ""foramen"") primum "
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| Before closure of the ostium primum, cell dealth in the upper part of the septum primum produces perforations, which coalesce to form the ________, which ensures free blood flow from the right to left primative atrium. | ostium secundum
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| When the lumen of the right atrium expands due to the incorporation of the sinus horn, a new fold called the _________, appears. It grows down toward the septum in the atriventricular canal. | septum secundum
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| The opening left by the septum secundum is called the ________. | foramen ovale
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| The upper part of the septum secundum disappears and the remaining part becomes the _______________ | valve of the foramen ovale
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| In septum formation in the ventricles, outgrowths of _____________________ along the top of the muscular septum closes the foramen | tissue from the inferior endocardial cushions
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| ____________ migrating from the neural folds in the hindbrain region, contribute to endocardial cushion formation in both the conus cordis and truncus areriosus. | Neural crest cells
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| Abnormal migration, proliferation, or differentiation of neural crest cells can result in congenital malformations such as: | tetralogy of Fallot, persistent truncus arteriosus, and transposition of the great vessels
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| Since neural crest cells also contribute to __________ development, it is not uncommon to see ______ and cardiac abnormalities in the same individual | craniofacial, facial
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| The most common occurring abnormality is in the _________ region. | conotruncal
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| The displacement of the septum (Tetralogy of Fallot) produces four cardiovascular alterations: | 1. a narrow right ventricular outflow region (pulmonary stenosis), 2. a ventricular septal defect, 3. an overriding aorta, 4. right ventricular hypertrophy
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| Mutations in the TBX5 gene results in ______ syndrome, which is characterized by _______ and ___________. Defects in the muscular portion of the interventricular septum may also occur. | Holt-Oram syndrome, radial limb abnormalities, atrial septal defects
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| Holt-Oram syndrome is one of a group of _______ syndromes, since TBX5 regulates forelimb development and plays a role in the septation of the heart. | heart-hand syndromes
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