Basic Arrhthmias
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| the human heart is a muscle intended to pump blood to the | entire body
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| The two distinct components that make up this process are: | 1.)the electrical impluse that stumulates the heart to contract(beat)
2.)The mechanical contraction(beating)of the heart in response o the electical stimulation,resulting in the pumping of blood
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| Cardiovascular means | pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
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| Arteries are vessels that carry | oxygenated blood
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| Oxygen is abbreviated | O subscript 2(the 2 is lower and smaller)
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| Arterioles are | small arteries
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| Veins are vessels that carry | deoxygenated blood
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| Deoxygenated blood contains carbon dioxide which is abbeviated | COsubscript 2(the 2 is lower and smaller)
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| Venules are | small veins
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| Capillaries are | microscopic arteries and veins
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| Vasodilation means | increased diameter(lumen)of a blood vessel(s)
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| Vasoconstriction means | decreased diameter(lumen)of a blood vessel(s)
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| Deoxygenated blood(CO2)is returned to the heart via the | venae cavae(superior and inferior)
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| The superior and inferior venae cavae are the | larges veins in the body
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| The venae cavae deliver the deoxygenated blood(CO2)to the | right atrium
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| The right atrium is the | superior(upper)right chamber of the heart
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| The deoxygenated blood(COsubscript 2)moves through the tricuspid valve to the | right ventricle
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| The right ventricle is the | inferior(lower)chamber of the heart
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| The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood(CO2)to the | Lungs where respiration takes place
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| Respiration is the | exchange of gases
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| The gases exchanged are oxygen(Osubscript 2)and | carbon dioxide(COsubscript2)
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| The oxygenated blood (Osubscript2)returns from the lungs to the | left atrium
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| The left atrium is the | superior(upper)left chamber of the heart
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| The oxygenated blood(Osubscript2)then moves through the bicuspid valve(mitral valve)to the | left ventricle
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| The left ventricle is the | inferior (lower)left chamber of the heart
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| The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood(Osubscript2)through he largest artery of the body called the | aorta
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| The aorta branches off in arteries,arterioles,and capillaries that will distribute the oxygen(Osubscript2)to | all the cells of the body
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| Capillaries, venules, and veins will return te deoxygenated blood(CO2)to the | venae cavea and cardiovascular circuit is complete
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| Normal electrical conduction (transmisson) of the heart follows the following pathway: | 1a.)Sinoatrial(SA)node
2b.)Internodal pathways
3.)Atrioventricular(AV)junction (node)
4.)Bundle of His
5a.)Left Bundle Branch
5b.)Right Bundle Branch
6.)Purkinje Fibers
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| The Sinoatrial(SA)node is located in the | right atrium
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| This electical conduction(transmisson)stumulates the cardiac cells to | contract
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| The electrical patterns of the heart can be detected from the surface of the skin by attaching | electrodes and connecting them to an electrocardiagraph(machine)
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| An abnormal cardiac (heart)rhythm is called an | arrhythmia or
dysrhythmia
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| Electrocardiography refers to the study of | arrhythmias or dysrhythmias
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| EKG(ECG)refers to an electrocardiograph(machine)or | electrocardiogram(record)
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| The electrocardiograph(machine)will display te elecrical patterns of the heart on a | telemetry monitor and/or
graph paper
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| The electrical activity of the heart is displayed best if you can assure good contact betwee the | electrodes and the skin
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| The can be done by: | 1.)Abrading the skin slightly with an alcohol pad
2.)Removing any obstacles such as dirt or hair
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| The study of shapes is called | morphology
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| The writing point on the electrocardiograph(machine)is called | stylus
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| An electrocardiograph(machine)not connected to the patient will produce a straight line called an | isoelectric line
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| An upright wave on an electrocardiogram(EKG)is called | positive
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| A downward wave on the electrocardiogram(EKG)is called | negative
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| Different electrical views of he heart can be seen by: | 1.)Rearranging the electrodes
2.)Changing the direction(view)of the cardiac electrical impulses received by the elecrocardiograph(machine)
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| Each cardiac electrical view is called a | lead
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| The most common lead used for cardiac monitoring is | lead 11 ( lead 2)
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| The vertical lines on the electrocardiogram(EKG)graph paper represent | time
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| The horizontal lines on the electrocardiogram(EKG)graph paper represent | voltage AKA
amplitude
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| Each small square on the ellectrocardiogram(EKG)graph paper represents | 0.04 seconds
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| Each darker square on the electrocardiogram(EKG)graph paper represents | 0.20 seconds
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| Every three seconds on the electrocardiogram(EKG)graph paper is represented by a | tic mark at the top of the graph paper
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| A cardiac cycle consists of a | PQRST
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| The first wave usually seen on a cardiac cycle is the | P wave
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| The P wave represents | atrial depolarization AKA the
atrial discharge state
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| The second wave usually seen on the cardiac cycle is the | QRS complex
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| The QRS complex represents | ventricular depolarization AKA the
ventricular discharge state
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| A normal QRS complex is | 0.12 seconds or less
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| The last wave usually seen on the cardiac cycle is the | T wave
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| The T wave represents | ventricular repolarization AKA the
ventricular recovery state
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| The PRI(PR interval)begins were the P wave leaves the isoelectric line and | ends where the QRS complex begins
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| A normal PR interval (PRI) is | 0.12 to 0.20 seconds
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| Electrical interference sometimes seen on the electrocardiograph(EKG)monitor is called | artifact
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| Artifact can be caused by: | Muscle tremors
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| 60 cycle interference artifact | 60 cycle interference can be caused b electrical interference from other electrical machinery such as:
cell phones,an electric shaver,a radio,a floor buffer,video games,an i-pod,an i-pad,etc
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| The regularity of a cardiac rhythm is determined by | measuring the distance from one R wave to the next wave with your calipers and walking he calipers from R wave to R wave
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| If the R to R distance is consistent, the rhythm is | regular
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| If the R to R distance is not consistent, the rhythm is | irregular
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| The Heart Rate(HR)of a regular rhythm is determined by | counting the number of small squares between two R waves AND dividing that number into 1500
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| The Heart Rate(HR)of an irregular rhythm is determined by | counting the number of R waves in six seconds and multiplying that number by 10
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| Sinus rhythms are produced by the | Sinoatrial(SA)node
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| The Sinoatrial(SA)node is AKA as the | heart's natural pacemaker
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| The word sinus means the P waves are: | 1.)Upright AKA positive
2.)Uniform which means the P waves have
similar morphology(they look alike)
3.)One P wave for every QRS complex
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| In normal Sinus Rhythm(NSR)the rhythm is: | 1.)Regular
2.)The Heart Rate(HR)is
60-100 Beats Per Minute(bpm)
3.)The P waves are upright,
uniform, and there is 1 P wave
for every QRS complex
4.)The PRI(PR internal)is
0.12-0.20 seconds
5.)The QRS complex is
0.12 seconds or less
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| In sinus bradycardia(SB) the rhythm is: | 1.)Regular
2.)The Heart Rate(HR)is less then
60 Beats Per Minute(bpm)
3.)The P waves are upright,uniform, and there is 1 P wave for every QRS complex
4.)The PRI(PR inerval)is
0.12-0.20 seconds
5.)The QRS complex is
0.12 seconds or less
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| In sinus tachycardia(ST)the rhythm is: | 1.)Regular
2.)The Heart Rate(HR) is between 100-160 Beats per Minute(bpm)
3.)The P waves are upright,uniform, and there is 1 P wave for every QRS complex
4.)The PRI(PR interval)is 0.12-0.20 seconds
5.)The QRS complex is 0.12 seconds or less
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| In Sinus Arrhythmia(SA)the rhythm is: | 1.)Irregular
2.)The Heart Rate(HR) is usually between
60-100 Beats Per Minute(bpm)
3.)The P waves are upright,uniform, and there is 1 P wave for every QRS complex
4.)The PRI(PR interval)is
0.12-0.20 seconds
5.)The QRS complex is
0.12 seconds or les
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