The Urinary System
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| urinary system | consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
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| kidneys | located in the upper abdominal cavity on either side of the vertebral column, behind the peritoneum(retroperitoneal).
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| renal fascia | kidneys are embedded in adipose tissue that acts as a cushion and is in turn covered by a fibrous connective tissue membrane; which helps hold the kidneys in place.
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| renal cortex | outer tissue layer; made of renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules. parts of the nephron.
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| renal medulla | inner tissue layer; made of loops of Henle and collecting tubules(also parts of the nephron).
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| renal pyramids | wedge-shaped pieces in the renal medulla.
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| renal pelvis | third area; this is not a layer of tissues, but rather a cavity formed by the expansion of the ureter within the kidney at the hilus.
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| calyces | funnel-shaped extensions of the renal pelvis; enclose the papillae of the renal pyramids.
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| nephron | structural and functional unit of the kidney.
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| renal corpuscle | consists of a glomerulus surrounded by a Bowman's capsule.
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| glomerulus | a capillary network that arises from an afferent arteriole and empties into an efferent arteriole.
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| Bowman's capsule | (or glomerular capsule) the expanded end of a renal tubule; it encloses the glomerulus.
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| podocytes | inner layer of Bowman's capsule; the name means "foot cells," and the "feet" of the podocytes are on the surface of the glomerular capillaries.
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| renal filtrate | the space between the inner and outer layers of Bowman's capsule, the fluid that is formed from the blood in the glomerulus and will eventually become urine.
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| renal tubule | continues from Bowman's capsule and consists of the following parts: proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.
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| proximal convoluted tubule | in the renal cortex; part of the renal tubule.
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| loop of Henle | (or loop of the nephron), in the renal medulla; part of the renal tubule.
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| distal convoluted tubule | in the renal cortex; part of the renal tubule.
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| peritubular capillaries | all parts of the renal tubule are surrounded by this; which arise from the efferent arteriole.
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| renal artery | blood from the abdominal aorta enters; which branches within the kidney into several interlobar arteries (between the renal pyramids).
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| renal vein | the interlobar veins all unite at the hilus to form this; which empties blood into the inferior vena cava.
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| glomerular filtration | blood pressure forces plasma, dissolved substances, and small proteins out of the glomeruli and into Bowman's capsules.
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| glomerular filtration rate (GFR) | the amount of renal filtrate formed by the kidneys in 1 minute, and averages 100 to 125 mL per minute.
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