Stack #15685

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Answer

GRADED POTENTIAL AMPLITUDE:

VARIABLE

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GRADED POTENTIAL DURATION:

LONGER MILLESECOND --> MINUTE

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GRADED POTENTIAL CHANNELS:

CHEMICAL-GATED,MECHANICAL-GATED,LIGHT-GATED

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GRADED POTENTIAL LOCATION NEURON:

DENDRITES OR CELL BODIES

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GRADED POTENTIAL PROPAGATION:

LOCALIZED-SHORT DISTANCES

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GRADED POTENTIAL REFRACTORY PERIOD:

NO REFRACTORY,PERIOD MAY BE ADDITIVE

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ACTION POTENTIAL AMPLITUDE:

~100mV

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ACTION POTENTIAL DURATION:

1/2 - 2MILLISECOND

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ACTION POTENTIAL CHANNELS:

VOLTAGE-GATED

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ACTION POTENTIAL LOCATION NEURON:

AXON

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ACTION POTENTIAL PROPAGATION:

OVER THE LENGTH OF THE AXON

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ACTION PONTENTIAL REFRACTORY:

ABSOLUTE & RELATIVE

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WHY DOES AP TRAVEL BACKWARDS?

REFRACTORY PERIOD DOES NOT ALLOW AP TO TRAVEL BACKWARD

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CONTINOUS CONDUCTION :

UNMYELINATED NEURON

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SALTATORY:

CONDUCTION MYELINATED NEURON.AP OCCUR AT THE NODES OF RANVIER,SKIP THE INSULATED PARTS.CONDUCTION VELOCITY OF THE AP IS FASTER IN SALTATORY CONDUCTION.

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SCHWANN CELL:

KILLED BY MS (LOOSE INSULATION,CURRENT LEAKS OUT

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HIT HAND 1ST TIME SOFT 2ND TIME HARDER HOW DOES THE BRAIN PERCEIVE DIFFERENCE?

FREQUENCY AP IS WHAT TELLS BRAIN STIMULUS HAS CHANGE

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STIMULUS INTENSITY IS CODED FOR BY THE FREQUENCY OF AP

MORE AP/UNIT TIME FOR LARGER STIMULUS, INCREASE # NEURONS THAT ARE SENDING A SIGNAL TO THE BRAIN

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PRESYNAPTIC NEURON:

CELL SENDING THE MESSAGE

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POSTSYNAPTIC CELL:

GETS RECEIVE THE MESSAGE

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ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE:

ION CURRENT THRU GAP JUNCTIONS

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ELECTRIC SYNAPSE:

HEART BEAT SYNCRONOUS ACTIVITY,SMOOTH MUSCLE,CAN GO BOTH DIRECTION,FAST

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EPSPS

EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL,GRADED POTENTIAL

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IPSP

INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL,HYPERPOLARIZING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL MOVING AWAY FROM THRESHOLD,OPENING CATIONS CHANNELS USUALLY Na+,OPENING Cl- CHANNELS OR OPENING K+ CHANNELS

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NEUROTRANSMITTER ACETYCHOLINE ACh

BETWEEN SKELETAL MUSCLE,NERVE (NEURONS),CAN BE BOTH INHIBITORY & EXCITATORY

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NEUROTRANSMITTER NICOTINIC RECEPTOR:

ION CHANNEL,SEEN IN SKELETAL MUSCLE,OPEN THE CHANNEL, NICOTINIC IS ACh RECEPTOR

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NEUROTRANSMITTERS MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR:

G-PROTIEN RECEPTOR

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G PROTEIN RECEPTOR:

NOT AN ION CHANNEL,BINDS TO ACh,ENERGY MOLECULE LIKE ATP,ALPHA BETA GAMMA, ACh BINDING CAUSES DISSOCIATION OF TEH ALPHA FROM THE BETA GAMMA,BETA GAMMA TRABVEL THRU MEMBRANE,BIND TO ION CHANNEL,CAUSE IT TO OPEN

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MONOAMINES

DERIVE FROM TRYPTOPHAN (AA) =SEROTONIN OR TYROSINE(AA) =EPINEPHERINE,NOREPINEPHERINE,DOPAMINE

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EPINEPHERINE,NOREPINENEPHERINE,DOPAMINE IS CALLED

CATACHOLAMINES

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SECOND MESSENGER PATHWAY

CYCLIC AMP

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NOREPINEPHERINE RECEPTORS BINDS

ACTIVATE ADENYLATE CYCLASE

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SEROTONIN:

SSRIs

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AA NEUROTRANSMITTERS:

GABA INHIBITOR,GLYCINE INHIBITOR

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NEUROPEPTIDE = POLYPEPTIDE:

NEUROPEPTIDE Y NPY STIMULATE METABOLISM, LEPTIN INCREASE FERTILITY,REGULATE FOOD INTAKE & METABOLISM

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SPACIAL SUMMATION:

MORE THEN 1 INPUT FROM PRESYNAPTIC NEURON,EPSP ADDITIVE

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TEMPORAL SUMMATION

INCREASED IN TIME

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BRAIN/CNS:

CEREPRALSPINAL FLUID CSF NURIOUSHES & PROTECTS BRAIN, WORKS AS A CUSHION, CHOROID PLEXUS FOUND IN THE 3RD & 4TH VENTRICLES, NETWORK OF CAPILLARIES,LINE BY THE EPENDYMAL CELLS

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EPENDYMAL CELLS:

FILTER BLOOD PLASMA, PRODUCE CSF, CIRCULATE THROUGH VENTRICLE BRAIN SPINAL CORD 500ml = 2 CUPS CSF A DAY

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BRAIN NOT EXPOSE TO BLOOD BECAUSE OF

EPENDYMAL CELLS "BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER".

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Rx's THAT CANNOT PASS THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

PENICILLIN & DOPAMINE

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REGIONS IN BRAIN THAT ALLOWS SAMPLING OF CHEMICAL FROM THE BLOOD. /LACK BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER ?

HYPATHALAMUS PINEAL BODY PITUITARY GLAND

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BRAIN STEM

MEDULLA OBLONGATA NERVE TRACK FROM PNS CROSSING OVER OF INF> OCCURS IN DECUSSATION OF PYRAMIDS,CARDIOVASCULAR CONTROL REGULATES HEART RATE & FORCE OF CONTRACTION. RHYTHM OF BREATHING.

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REGULATION FROM THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA

SWALLOWING,SNEEZE,COUGH,VOMIT,HICCUPS

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PONS:

RAS RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM CONTROL WAKE & SLEEP CYCLES. ALERTS (WAKES UP)THE CORTEX

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CEREBELLUM

FINE TUNING MOTOR ACTIVITIES. PROPRIORECETION SENSATION OF JOINT POSITIONS,BALANCE,POSTURE,DANCE

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HYPOTHALAMUS:

MADE OF OF MANY NEURAL CELLS. REGULATE DIURNAL RHYTHMES. MAIN CONTROL AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYTEM & CONTROLS WHAT THE PITUITARY GLAND SECRETES. REGULATES BODY TEMP. THRU ANS. REGULATES EMOTIONS&BEHAVIOR,SEXUAL AROUSAL.REGULATES EATING& DRINKING BEHAVIOR.

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CEREBRUM

GRAY MATTER OUTSIDE. WHITE MATTER INSIDE, WHITE BECAUSE THE MYELIN SHEATH. ASSOCIATION FIBERS WITHIN HEMISPHERE.GOMMISSURAL FIBERS(CORPUS CALLUSOM) LEFT TO RIGHT /ACROSS HEMISPHERES.PROJECTION FIBERS ASCENDING TRACTS & DESCENDING TRACTS.

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BRAIN

FUNCTION AREAS OF THE CORTEX.PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX LOCATED IN THE POSTCENTRAL GYRUS.PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX OCCIPITAL LOBE.TEMPORAL LOBE AUDITORY.WERNICKES AREA LEFT SIDE. BROCAS AREA LEFT SIDE.

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BRAIN WERNICKES AREA LEFT SIDE

CAN'T INTERPRET SPEECH *STROKE PERSON TRIES TO TALK BUT DON'T REALLY SAY ANYTHING

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BRAIN BROCAS AREA LEFT SIDE

UNDERSTANDS SPEECH BUT TROUBLE SPEAKING

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BRAIN LATERIZATION

STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HEMISPHERES.LEFT SIDE REASONING MATH .RIGHT SIDE INSIGHT MUSIC,SPACE

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SPLIT BRAIN

LEFT BRAIN CAN'T COMMUNICATE WITH RIGHT BRAIN.

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SPINAL CORD:

DORSAL MEDIAN SULCUS.CENTRAL CANAL FILLED WITH CSF.VENTRAL MEDIAN FISSURE.VENTRAL.DORSAL.CELL BODIES FOR SENSORY NEURONS.DORSAL ROOT GANGLION.LATERLA GRAY HORN CELL BODIES ANS SMOOTH&CARDIAC MUSCLE CONTROL.VENTRAL GRAY HORN CELL BODIES MOTOR NERUONS

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SPINAL NERVES

INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN.PLEXUSE GRADED TOGETHER.DERMATOME AREA OF SKIN THAT PROVIDES SENSORY INF. TO A PAIR OF SPINAL NERVES.MYTOME ALL MUSCLES THAT ARE INERVAETED BY MOTOR NEURONS FROM A SIGNAL SPINGAL SEGMENT OR SPINAL NERVES.

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SPINAL NERVES REFER PAIN

NEURON GETTING AP BECAUSE OF ELECTRAL ACTIVITY

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SPINAL REFLEXES

RECEPTOR END SENSORY NEURON.SENSORY NEURON.INTEGRATION CTR 1 OR SEVERAL SYNAPSES.MOTOR NEURON.EFFECTOR EXAMPLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION.

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IN THE CYTOSOL GLCYOLYSIS .GLUCOSE

2ATP 4ATP = 2 ATP . 2NAD 2NADH

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IN MITOCHONDRIA 1. PYRUVATE OXIDATION

2 PYRUVIC ACID 2 ACETYLCoA.2NAD 2NAHD.

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OIL RIG

OXIDATION LOSS (H ELECTRIONS) REDUCTION IS GAIN

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GLYCOLYSIS

2ATP 6 ATP

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PRYUVATE OXIDATION

6 ATP

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KREBS

24 ATP

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38 ATP PONTENTIAL

AVERAGE 36 ATP

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C-C/C-C/C-C/C-C/C-C/

BREAKDOWN OF FATTY ACIDS. B OXIDATION

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NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS:

SENSORY EXTERNAL,INTERNA. INTEGRATION ANAYLSIS.MOTOR SEND SIGNALS TO EFFECTORS . EFFECTORS MUSCLE & GLANDS.

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DIVISION CNS:

BRAIN & SPINAL CORD DOES A LOT OF THE "INTEGRATION" BUT NOT ALL OF IT.

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PERIPHERAL NS:

CRANIAL NERVES SPINAL NERVES SENSORY INPUT AFFERENT MOTOR OUTPUT EFFERENT. SOMATIC VOLUNTARY SKIN SKELETAL MUSCLE. AUTONOMIC INVOLUNTARY VISCERA HEART SMOOTH MUSCLE GLANDS. SYMPATHETIC FIGHT OR FLIGHT PARASYMPATHETIC REST DIGEST

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GLIAL CELL

SCHWANN CELLS WRAP ITSELF AXON NEURON.ELECTRICAL INSULATOR.MYELIN SHEATH PNS.

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GLIAL CELL

SATELLITE SUPPORT FOR "GANGLIA" GROUPS OF CELL BODIES IN THE PNS

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GLIAL CELL

OLIGODENDROCYTES MYELIN SHEATH CNS

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MICROGLIA

CLEAN UP DEBRI & PATHOGENS IN CNS THIS IS CALLED: PHAGOCYTOSIS

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GLIAL CELL

ASTROCYTES FORMING THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

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GLIAL CELL

EPENDYMAL CREATE CSF

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TAKE MYELIN INSULATION OUT OF NEURON?

YOU GET A SHORT CIRCUIT

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NODES OF RAVIER

GAPS BETWEEN CELLS . CONDUCTION OF VELOCITY. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS MS . TAY-SACHS MUSCLE WEAKNESS RUNS IN JEWISH FAMILIES.

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NEURONS

CELL BODY : CYTON,PERIKARYON,SOMA. DENDRITES RECEIVING & CARRYING SINGALS.AXONS CONDUCT ELECTRICAL SIGNALS CALLED ACTION POTENTIAL. MICROTUBULES AXON TRANSPORTATION. SYNAPTIC END BULBS RELEASE NEUROTRANSMITTERS

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MULTIPOLAR

MOTOR NEURON

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PSEUDOUNIPOLAR

SENSOR NEURON

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BIPOLAR

RETINA & COCHLEA

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NERVE FIBER

PROCESSES

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NERVE Vs. NEURON

1. COLLECTION OF A BUNDLE OF AXONS SEE WITH NAKED EYE! 2. NERVE CELL SINGLE CELL MUST USE MICROSCOPE.

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GANGLIA IS FOUND WHERE?

PNS

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WHITE MATTER

MYELINATED AXON NERVE TRACTS

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GRAY MATTER

CELL BODIES & GLIAL CELLS

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SPINAL CORD

WHITE MATTER OUTSIDE . GRAY MATTER INSIDE.

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BRAIN

WHITE MATTER INSIDE. GRAY MATTER OUTSIDE.

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ION CHANNELS LEAKAGE CHANNEL Vs. GATED CHANNELS

1. ALWAYS OPEN EXAMPLE K+ & Na+. 2. OPEN OR CLOSE "VOLTAGE-GATED

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CHEMICALLY GATED (LIGAND-GATED)

ACETYL CoA. HORMONES.NEUROTRANSMITTERS.

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GATED CHANNELS MECHANICALLY-GATED

OPEN IN RESPONSE TO PRESSURE OR STRETCHING

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LIGHT-GATED

LIGHT SENSITIVE PHOTORECEPTORS IN EYES

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RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL RMP

MEMBRANE POTENTIAL SEPERATION OF CHARGE ACROSS THE MEMBRANE.-70mV NEGATIVE TO THE INSIDE.ION GRADIENTS BOTH CHEMICAL & ELECTRICAL.

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EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL

EX-61/1 LOG = 5/150= ~ -90mV K+ EQ POT MORE PERMEABLE 50-100X'S MORE PERMEABLE

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EX = 61/Z LOG X0/X1

EX=EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL FOR A PARTICULAR ION. X0=CONC. OF X ON THE OUTSIDE . X1 = CONC. OF X ON THE INSIDE. Z = VALENCE OF THE ION.

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GRADED POTENTIAL

VARY IN SIZE . MAINLY OPEN/CLOSE CHEMICAL-GATED MECHANICAL-GATED LIGHT-GATED

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DEPOLARIZING

MORE TOWARDS 0. HYPERPOLARIZING MORE NEGATIVE. USUALLY OCCURS ON DENDRITES OR CELL BODIES. SIZE OF GRADED POTENTIAL DEPENDS ON THE SIZE OF THE "STIMULUS" & IT ONLY EXTENDS FOR A SHORT DISTNACE.

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ACTION POTENTIAL:

DO NOT VARY IN SIZE. ALL OR NONE. DUE TO VOLTAGE-GATED CHANNELS. ALWAYS THE SAME SIZE.TRIGGERS GETS PULLED "THRESHOLD" -55mV.

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ACTION POTENTIAL:

1. OPEN Na+ CHANNEL 2. Na+ BECOMES VERY PERMEABLE 3. GOES UP TO +60mV 4. DEPOLARIZATION 5. MAKES CELL MORE + ON THE INSIDE 6.Na+ ARE TIMED & DO NOT STAY OPEN FOR LONG.7 K+ OPEN WHEN Na+ STARTS TO CLOSE. REPOLARIZATION BECAUSE CLOSING Na+.OPEN V K+.HYPERPO

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ACTION POTENTIAL

DEPOLARIZATION Na+ CHANNELS OPEN Na+ INFLUX.

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ACTION POTENTIAL :

REPOLARIZATION BECAUSE CLOSING Na+ CHANNELS

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ACTION POTENTIAL:

OPENING VOLTAGE-GATED K+ CHANNELLS

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ONLY PERMEABLE IONS EFFECT THE RMP

K+ EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL ~-90mV. Na+ EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL ~ +60mV.

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RMP V=0

1.NO GRADIENT 2.NO ELECTRICAL GRADIENT 3. CONC. GRADIENT IS MAINTAINED BY Na+/K+ PUMP

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RMP V= -90mV

LARGE CONC. GRADIENT 2. LARGE ELECTRICAL GRADIENT 3. SMALL CONC. GRADIENT 4. SMALL ELCTRICAL POTENTIAL.

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RMP THE SIZE OF THE ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL IS DEPENDANT ON THE SIZE OF THE

CONC. GRADIENT

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RMP ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD

1.-55 mV CAUSES VOLTAGE-GATED Na+ CHANNELS TO OPEN 2. Na+ BECOMES MORE PERMEABLE 3. DEPOLARIZATION DUE TO Na+ INFLUX 4. VOLTAGE-GATED K+ CHANNELS OPEN Na+ CHANNELS CLOSE REPOLARIZATION DUE TO K+ OUTFLOW.

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Created by: idis