Auto NS and Diagnostic Agents
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| Increased blood pressure and delayed onset over an hour is a sign of anaphylaxis reaction. T or F | F
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| What are some signs of anaphylaxix reaction? | Decreased blood pressure / Difficulty breathing / Rapid, weak pulse / Onset within 20-30 minutes
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| What drugs are used to decrease corneal edema? | Mannitol, Hyperosmotics, Glycerine, 5%NaCl
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| What preservative is the most toxic to the cornea? | BAK
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| What are some sympathomimetic effects? | Dilated pupil, Deep, rapid breathing, Dry mouth
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| What is the neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system? | Norepinephrine
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| The neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system is? | Acetylcholine
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| What does the parasympathetic nervous system do? | Constriction of pupil, Lens accommodation, Flush skin
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| What diagnosis Myasthenia Gravis? | IV Tensilon® (edrophonium), Ice to the lids, Measure Acetylcholinestrerase levels
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| What drops are occasionally used to reverse mydriasis in the office? | Dapiprazole
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| What is true about Botulinum? | Treatment of strabismus, Is a toxin, Blocks release of acetylcholine
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| What is the longest acting Cycloplegic drug? | Atropine
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| What is the shortest Cycloplegic drug? | Tropicamide (Mydriacyl®)
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| What is the drug of choice for routine cycloplegia in a child? | Cyclopentolate
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| Cycloplegia is useful for what? | Exposing latent hyperopia / Reducing spasm of inflammation / Preventing and treating posterior synechia / Assessing refractive error
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| Mydriatics paralyze accommodation as well as dilate. T or F | False
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| Cycloplegics paralyze accommodation as well as dilate. T or F | True
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| What is commonly used in Office practice? | Topical Anesthetics
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| What is true of Tamsulosin (Flomax®)? | May cause floppy iris syndrome in cataract surgery / Is an Alpha 1 blocker / Used to treat prostate enlargement
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| What are drugs that block the parasympathetic system called? | Parasympatholytics / Parasympathic antagonists/ Cholinergic antagonists
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| What is commonly used for surgery? | Carbachol (Miostat®)/ Acetyl choline (Miochol®)/ Viscoelastics
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| What drugs are Beta Blockers? | Timolol– (Timoptic®) glaucoma drug
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| What are the side effects of Cycloplegics? | Glare, photo sensitivity / Reduced near vision / Stinging / Reduced depth perception
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| What is true about Neosynephrine? | Burning and Stinging / May raise the bp / Blanches superficial blood vessels / Dilates the pupil
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| Beta Blockers must be used with caution with what types of patients? | Patients with low bp, All elderly patients
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| Filter paper strips are impregnated with what dyes? | Lissamine Green / Fluorescein / Rose Bengal
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| Name the adrenergic receptors. | Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta-1, and Beta-2
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| Name the cholinergic receptors. | Muscarinic and nicotinic
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| What drugs are indirect cholinergics? | Echothiophate, Edrophonium, Physostigmine
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| What two drugs are used in the diagnosis and treatment of myasthenia gravis? | Edrophonium, Physostigmine
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| What is the approximate time of onset of full cycloplegic effect and its approximate duration effects for Atropine. | 1 day and 1 day
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| What is the approximate time of onset of full cycloplegic effect and its approximate duration effects for Cyclopentolate. | 40 mins/40 mins
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| What is the approximate time of onset of full cycloplegic effect and its approximate duration effects for Tropicamide. | 25 mins/ 35 mins
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| Dapiprazole is effective reversing the action of what drug? | Phenylephrine (neosynephrine). Less effective for Tropicamide, and not as effective against the rest.
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| Name the two most common ophthalmic sympathomimetic eye drops for dilating. | Phenylephrine and Hydroxyamphetimine (the later only used by optometrists)
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| Name the main three ophthalmic parasympatholytic eye drops for cycloplegia. | Atropine, Cyclopentolate, and Tropcicamide (strongest to weakest)
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| Topical fluorescein stains what part of the eye? | Cornea only
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| Topical Lissamine Green and Rose Bengal stain what part of the eye? | Cornea and conjunctiva
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| A dry spot on the cornea with fluorescein appears as what? | Black (dark) unstained area
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| How does Indocyanine Green differ from Infracyanine Green? | ICG (Indocyanine) contains Iodine. IFCG does not, and is more isotonic
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| Trypan Blue or methylene blue is mainly used to stain what two structures of the eye? | Anterior lens capsule and epiretinal membranes to make them more visible for surgery.
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| What are the side effects of the indirect cholinergic agents and why are they not used today? | Intense miosis (causes severe brow and headache), retinal detachments, Iris cysts (This was a board question last year).
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