SALT - 9th Science - Chp 3 & 4
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| Weather | the state of the earths atmosphere at a given time and place
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| Climate | the year-round weather typical of a certain place
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| Meteorology | the study of the atmosphere or weather
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| Meteorologist | a scientist who studies the weather
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| Evaporation | the process by which a molecule of a liquid becomes a gas
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| Heat of vaporization | the heat required to change a liquid into a gas without changing its temperature
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| Condensation | the process by which a gas becomes a liquid
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| Heat of condensation | the heat released when a gas changes into a liquid
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| Saturated | describing water that cannot hold any more water vapor
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| Dew | droplets of water on grass and soil formed from the condensation of water vapor
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| Dew point | the temperature at which water vapor in the air begins to condense
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| Frost | a light feathery deposit of ice crystals on exposed surfaces, such as grass or soil, resulting from the sublimation of super cooled water vapor in the air
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| Frost point | the temperature at which frost begins to form
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| 4 basic cloud families | cirrus, stratus, cumulus, lenticular
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| alto- | prefix meaning high / added to show higher altitude than normal
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| nimbo- / -nimbus | added to show the cloud produces precipitation
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| cumulus | a white, billowy cloud that resembles a pile of cotton puffs in the sky
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| cumulonimbus | thunder clouds/storm clouds
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| altocumulus | cumulus clouds at unusually high altitudes
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| stratus | heavy clouds that form a flat, gray layer not far above the ground
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| nimbostratus | status rain clouds
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| cirrus | a high, thin, delicate cloud consisting of ice crystals
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| lenticular | lens-shaped clouds that generally form over mountains
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| stratocumulus | low, heavy layer of puffy gray clouds
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| cirrostratus | thin translucent clouds spread like a sheet in the upper troposphere
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| cirrocumulus | look like tiny puffs of cotton in the upper troposphere
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| fog | a stratus cloud at the surface of the earth, formed when water vapor condenses in a layer of air near the ground
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| smog | a combination of smoke and fog
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| photochemical smog | a thick brownish haze that results from complex organic molecules being broken down by sunlight into ozone and other noxious chemicals
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| air mass | a large body of air with relativity uniform temperature, humidity, and pressure
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| maritime tropical (mT) air mass | a moist air mass that forms over the warm oceans of the tropics, bringing warm, humid weather
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| continental tropical (cT) air mass | a dry air mass that forms over a desert or tropical land area, bringing hot, dry weather
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| maritime polar (mP) air mass | a moist air mass that forms over the cold oceans of the Arctic regions, bringing cool, wet weather
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| continental polar (cP) air mass | dry air mass that forms over cold land areas such as northern Canada or Alaska, bringing cold, dry weather
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| arctic (A) air mass | an extremely cold and dry air mass that forms over snow- and ice-covered portions of the arctic, bringing bitterly cold weather as it moves
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| fronts | a boundary between two air masses
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| cold front | type of front that occurs when a mass of cold air moves into territory occupied by a mass of warmer air
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| warm front | type of front that occurs when a mass of warm air moves into territory occupied by a cold air mass
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| stationary front | type of front that occurs when two air masses meet and become stationary, neither displacing the other
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| occluded front | type of front that occurs when a cold air mass slides under a warm air mass and lifts it of the ground
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| precipitation | the release of water from the atmosphere in the form of drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, or hail
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| water cycle | the movement of water from the sea into the air and back again to the sea
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| rain | drops of liquid water falling to the earth from clouds
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| drizzle | precipitation that consists of water droplets smaller than 0.5 mm across that drift slowly downward through the air
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| sleet | a type of precipitation consisting of solid ice pellets that form when raindrops fall through a cold layer of air
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| freezing rain | precipitation consisting of supercooled raindrops that freeze almost instantly when they hit the ground
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| hail | a destructive form of precipitation consisting of layered balls of ice that form in strong thunderstorms
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| snow | a form of precipitation consisting of clumps of feathery, six-sided ice crystals
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| snowflakes | a clump of ice crystals that falls as snow
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| blizzard | winter storm that produces a great deal of snow
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| storms | an atmospheric disturbance characterized by strong winds, heavy precipitation, or lightning
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| thunderstorms | a localized storm involving lightning, thunder, turbulent winds, heavy rain, and sometimes hail
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| squall lines | a long line of thunderstorms along a cold front
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| updraft | a current of rising air in a thunderstorm
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| downbursts | a concentrated blast of cool wind, formed from a localized downdraft in a thunderstorm, that may blow downward at 130 mph or more; spreads out in strong gusts when it reaches the ground
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| cell | a single updraft system in a thunderstorm
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| supercell | a fierce, single updraft thunderstorm that may spread 5 to 10 miles in diameter, tower up to 65,000 feet in the air, and spawn microbursts, hail and one tornado after another; the most powerful type of thunderstorm
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| lightning | an abrupt discharge of electricity through the air
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| stepped leader | in a lightning bolt, the barely visible stream of electrons that precedes the return stroke
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| return stroke | the visible stage of a lightning bolt, in which a large electric current begins to flow
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| thunder | a shock wave produced when the air in the vicinity of a lightning bolt expands explosively due to the heat
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| superbolt | a rare form of positive cloud-to-ground lightning that often strikes a considerable distance from the cloud base; the most powerful type of lightning
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| tornado | a narrow funnel of powerful, rapidly whirling winds, usually created by a severe thunderstorm
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| waterspout | a slightly weaker form of tornado that forms over water
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| dust devil | a small whirlwind formed by localized temperature differences, capable of stirring up dust and light debris
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| hurricane development | tropical disturbance, tropical depression, tropical storm, hurricane
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| tropical disturbance | the earliest stage of a hurricane, having winds of less than 23 mph
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| tropical depression | a rotating storm, formed by tropical disturbance, with sustained winds between 23 and 39 mph
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| tropical storm | a rotating storm, formed by tropical depression, with sustained winds between 39 and 74 mph
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| hurricane | a giant whirling storm accompanied by destructive winds of 74 to 200 mph, torrential rain, and high waves and tides; also called tropical cyclones
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| eye | in meteorology, the center of a hurricane, consisting of a region of very low pressure a few miles wide about which the storm rotates, in which weather is clear and winds are calm
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| eye wall | in meteorology, the cylinder of thick whirling clouds and rain that surround the eye of a hurricane
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| rain bands | long lines of thunderstorms in a hurricane that slowly spiral inward as the hurricane rotates
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| storm surge | elevated water levels produced by a hurricane
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| forecast | in meteorology, a prediction of changes in weather
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| thermometer | an instrument used to measure temperature
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| barometer | an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure
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| relative humidity | a percentage of the amount of moisture in the air compared to the maximum amount it could hold under the same conditions
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| hygrometer | an instrument used to measure relative humidity
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| wind vane | a simple meteorological device that points in the direction of the wind
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| anemometer | an instrument used to measure wind speeds near the earth’s surface
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| knots | speed measured in water equal to 1 1/7 mph
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| Beaufort scale | a scale of wind force which estimates the speed of the wind by analyzing its effect on objects in its path
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| rain gauge | meteorological instrument used to measure rainfall
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| radar | a device that uses radio waves to direct objects to measure their distance
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| oceanography | the study of the earth’s oceans, seas, and their basins
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| sodium chloride (table salt) | the most common substance dissolved in the sea
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| salinity | the measure of the quantity of dissolved solids in seawater
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| thermocline | the boundary in the ocean where cold, deep ocean water meets the sun-warmed water nearer the surface
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| glacier | thick sheet of ice on land that slowly flows under its own weight
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| icebergs | – huge chunks of floating glacial ice
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| ice shelf | the outer edge of a glacier, floating over the surface of the ocean
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| Arctic icebergs | tend to be peaked and jagged, resembling floating white mountains
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| Antarctic iceberg | flat-topped and straight-sided because they detach from ice shelves
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| How deeply in the water do icebergs float? | only top 10% is exposed
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| ocean currents | large streams of ocean water that flow as a unit at or below the surface
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| Gulf Stream | well-known ocean current that flows up the coast of North America and then sweeps across the Atlantic toward Europe
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| density current | a subsurface ocean current resulting from differences in density
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| turbidity current | a type of density current formed when seawater mixes with silt or mud and flows down undersea slopes
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| upwelling | a mass of cool, deep water that comes to the surface as a result of a prevailing land breeze that blows surface water away from a coast
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| counter current | flows in the opposite direction of a surface current
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| waves | rhythmic back-and-forth motions of water that transfer energy through the water
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| ocean swells | gentle, rolling waves that appear in the ocean even though the weather is calm
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| breaker | a wave in the process of toppling over as it nears the shore
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| surf | a pounding mass of foaming water that washes up onto a beach after a wave breaks
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| rip currents | dangerous surface currents which carry large volumes of water back to the sea
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| tsunamis | gigantic sea waves formed by earthquakes, volcanic explosions, or undersea landslides
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| tides | regular and predictable movements of ocean water caused primarily by the moon
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| spring tides | produces higher and lower than normal tides, when the moon and sun line up with the earth (during new moon and full moon)
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| neap tides | weaker-than-normal tides produced when the sun and moon are at right angles to each other
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| continental shelf | a sandy, gently sloping underwater plain bordering the coast of a continent
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| continental slope | region where the sea floor slopes steeply downward to about 2000 meters beneath the surface
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| continental rise | thick, gently sloping layer of sediments that border the deep ocean floor
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| abyssal plain | a huge plain of the deep ocean floor
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| seamounts | underwater mountains that rise more than 900m above the sea floor
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| guyot | unusual flat-topped seamounts
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| mid-oceanic ridge | underwater mountain range
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| Mid-Atlantic Ridge | the most widely known underwater mountain chain, extends down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean
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| oceanic deep | an area of the sea exceeding 6000m (19,685 ft) in depth
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| trench | huge muddy valleys that cut through portions of the abyssal plains
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| Challenger Deep | the deepest known point in the sea, located in the Marianas Trench near Guam
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| oceanographic research ship | provides a working platform and mobile research laboratory of oceanographic scientists.
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| oceanic buoys | floating observation station that automatically takes measurements and transmits the data to oceanographers
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| scuba | Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus, first called aqualung
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| submersibles | a small research submarine which allows oceanographers to visit regions of the sea too deep for scuba diving
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| sonar | (sound navigation and ranging) a device that used sound waves to detect underwater objects
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| rosette | device consisting of a cluster of insulated bottles that are opened and closed, taking samples of water at predetermined depths
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