Reward and Motivation
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| Major aspects include = ? | * liking (e.g., pleasure, hedonia),
--- wanting (e.g., motivation for reward, incentive salience),
--- learning (e.g., past experiences predicting future rewards)
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| System that drives the Reward System = ? | * Neurons containing dopamine are located in the substantia nigra pars impacta and the ventral tegmental area of the ventral midbrain... * Mesostriatal
-- Mesolimbic -- Mesocortical
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| Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway = ? | * projects the nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum), but also, to other limbic areas .... * responsible for attaching the “want” (reward) and remembering how we can get it
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| Mesocortical dopamine pathway = ? | * Pleasure pathway (we already know we want it, but it is pleasurable to have it)
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| The last two pathways = ? | * Overlap = Mesocorticolimbic Pathway
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| When stimulated, can cause positive immediate responses ? | * Septal Area
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| Reward Pathway = ? | * Main pathway to remember…. VTA --> accumbens --> prefrontal Cortex/cingulate gyrus
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| Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) = ? | * The VTA is the site of dopaminergic neurons which tell the organism whether an environmental stimulus is rewarding or aversive
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| Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) = ? | * also called ventral striatum, is a principle target of VTA dopamine neurons. This region mediates the rewarding effects of natural rewards and drugs of abuse.
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| Role of the NAc = ? | * Attaches motivation to reward (the want)... * if lesioned, no motivation to want things/do things to get it (lose connection between the reward w/ motivation)
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| Once an animal learns how to obtain a reward and the relevant behaviors become engrained, what happens ? | *reward seeking or motivation no longer depends on the NAc but is supported by the dorsal striatum.... * The behavior becomes ‘automated’ (a certain cue can stimulate this)
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| Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and when we see something we want (ex. a reward) ? | * When we see a reward, VTA Fires and release dopamine in to the NAc… *Attaches a reward with a want
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| Patients treated with D2 dopamine receptor agonists, what do we see happen ? | * Can happen in Parkinson's patients... * see new risky behavior/gambling/shopping/etc... *overstimulate the NAc
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| Dopamine and reward ? | * Dopamine does not function in mediating pleasure.... * Dopamine circuits play a role in connecting reward-related stimuli to motivation
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| Patterns of VTA Dopamine Neuron Firing = ? | * When a reward is predicted from cues and is exactly as expected, firing changes to a tonic pattern. There is no additional release.
When the predicted reward is omitted or less than expected, VTA dopamine pause their firing to below basal levels
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| Continued... | * If reward is greater, then we see a continued release
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| other neurotransmitter systems are also affected ? | * not just Dopamine, but serotonin and glutamate
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| Addictive Reward System = ? | * Always better than normal and they don’t shut off the pulse of dopamine (a continued on switch)…increase firing of the VTA ... * sugary or fatty foods can even cause this
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| Addiction causes a greater release of dopamine over a greater period of time than natural rewards, and causes what ? | * NAc Dopamine receptors become decreased.... * now they need a greater reward to feel the pleasure
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| DA Receptors influence drug liking: explain ? | * Those with already high Dopamine Receptors, are less likely to like the effects of a dopamine agonist.... * If low Dopamine receptor ppl get it, they love the feeling (possible link to who has an addictive personality?)
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| Why can't addicts just simply quit = ? | * In Addiction, reward it better than normal, and drive is not shut down.... * Due to a rewiring in brain circuitry
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| In control of Inhibitory Control ? | * PFC – prefrontal cortex and the ACG – anterior cingulate gyrus
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