Industrial Revolution
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| enclosure movement | when landowners fenced off common lands, many peasants had to move to towns, giving Britain a plentiful supply of labor
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| capital | a ready supply of money
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| entrepreneurs | found new business opportunities and new ways to make profits
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| cottage industry | when individuals spun the tread and then wove the cloth in their rural cottages
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| James Watt | scottish engineer, improved the steam engine in 1782
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| puddling | a process developed by Henry Cort, coke, which was derived from coal, was used to burn away impurities in crude iron, called pig iron, and to produce an iron of high quality
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| Manchester | a rich- cotton manufacturing town, was linked to the first true railroad
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| Liverpool | a thriving port in Manchester
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| Robert Fulton | built the first paddle-wheel steam boat, the Clermont, in 1807
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| Industrial Capitalism | an economic system based on industrial production that rose during the Industrial Revolution and produced a new middle- class group- the industrial middle class
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| socialism | an economic system, where society- usually in the form of the government- owns and controls some means of production such as factories and utilities
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| Robert Owen | A british cotton manufacturer, was one utopian socialist
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| Congress of Vienna | where Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia met in September 1814 to arrange a final peace settlement
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| Klemens von Metternich | An Austrian foreign minister, was the most influential leader at the meeting in Vienna, claimed that the principle of legitimacy guided him.
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| conservatism | based on tradition and a belief in the value of social stability
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| Principle of Intervention | The great powers had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones
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| liberalism | A political philosophy that grew out of the Enlightenment, held that people should be as free as possible from government restraint
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| Universal male suffrage | all adult men could vote
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| Louis-Napoleon | a president that was the nephew of the famous french ruler(Napoleon), and won by a resounding victory
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| German confederation | 38 independent German states
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| multinational state | a collection of different peoples
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| Prague | Where the Austrian military forces crushed czech rebels in June 1848
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| Piedmont | people began to look at this Italian state for leadership in achieving the unification of Italy
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| Giuseppe Garibaldi | A dedicated Italian patriot, who raised an arm of a thousand volunteers
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| militarism | Reliance on military strength
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| Otto von Bismarck | Was appointed new prime minister by William I, seen as a practitioner of real politik "politics of reality"
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| Alsace and Lorraine | provinces that Paris gave up to the new German state
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| kaiser | emperor
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| Queen Victoria | reigned from 1837 to 1901 was the longes in English history, Victorian Age
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| Plebiscite | popular vote
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| Budapest | Capital of Hungry
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| Czar Alexander II | decided to make some reforms in Russia
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| emancipation | the act or process of being set free
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| abolitionism | a movement to end slavery
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| secede | to withdraw
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| Romanticism | a new intelectual movement emerged as reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment
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| Ludwig van Beethoven | one of the most famous composers of the Romanticism era
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| Louis Pasteur | proposed a germ theory of disease
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| Dmitry Mandeleyev | classified all the material elements then known on the basis of their atomic weights
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| Michael Faraday | put together a primitive generator that laid the foundation for the use of electric current
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| Secularization | indifference to or rejection of religion in the affairs of the world
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| Charles Darwin | promoted the idea that humans are material beings who are part of the natural world
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| Organic evolution | the basic idea of this book (On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection) was that each species, or kind, of plant and animal had evolved over a long period of time from earlier, simpler forms of life.
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| Natural selection | some organisms are born with variations, or differences, that make them ore adaptable to their environment than other organisms
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| Charles Dickens | became a huge success with novels that showed the realities of life for the poor in the early industrial age
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