A&_.ch6&8.tricOH.fall2008
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| functions of skeletal system (5) | 1. support 2. protection 3. movement 4. storage (fat & minerals) 5. blood cell production
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| cartilage (3 kinds) | 1. hyaline cartilage 2. fibrocartilage and 3. elastic cartilage
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| blast | a suffix meaning an immature precursor of the type indicated by the preceding word Gr. blastos "germ"
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| chondro | combining form meaning 1. cartilage or cartilaginous 2. granular or gritty Gr. "groats" gristle, cartilage
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| chondroblasts | cells that produce new cartilage matrix
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| chondrocyte | a mature cartilage cell; surrounded by the matrix & occupies a space called a lacuna within the matrix
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| lacuna | a small space, cavity or deparession L. a pit diminutive of lake
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| perichondrium | Double-layered connective tissue sheath covering most cartilage
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| articular cartilage | covers ends of bones where they come together to form joints, - NO Perichondrium, NO Blood vessels & NO nerves
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| Cartilage grows in two ways | 1. Appositional growth (in perchondrium & outside) 2. intersitital growth (within matrix)
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| Appositional growth of cartilage | Chondroblasts in the perchondrium: 1) lay down new matrix and 2. add new chondrocytes to the OUTSIDE of the tissue
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| Interstitial growth | Chondrocytes with tissue divide & add more matrix between the cells
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| bone shapes (4) | Long, short, flat or irregular
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| Long bones | Longer than they are wide Examples: Femur
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| short bones | Not elongated & NO dipahyses - some have small epiphyses - some have air-filled spaces called sinuses, lined by mucous membranes - About as broad as they are long Ex. carpal or wrist bones
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| flat bones | realtively thin, flattened shape are usually curved. NO diaphyses, or epiphyses - they are a sandwich of cancellous bone between compact bone Ex - ribs - breastbone & shoulder blades
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| irregular bones | Not elongated & NO dipahyses - some have small epiphyses - some have air-filled spaces called sinuses, lined by mucous membranes - Vertebrae & facial bones
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| skeletal system - four components | bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
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| bone | a hard connective tissue consisting of cells embedded in a matrix of mineralized ground substance and collagen fibers
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| cartilage | a connective tissue characterized by NONVASCULARITY - an firm consistency; consists of cells (chondrocytes), ground substance (proteoblycans) found in joints, etc.
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| hyaline cartilage | most intimately connected with bone
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| long bone structure (3 components) | diaphysis, epiphysis - epiphyseal plate
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| diaphysis | Shaft - Gr. "a growing between"
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| epiphyseal plate | Long bone-growth plate-hyaline cartilage is located between the epiphysis & the diaphysis - bone grows along this line, become hardened
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| epiphyseal line | when bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified and is called the epiphyseal line
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| medullary cavity | large internal space within diaphysis of long bone - filled with marrow (both red & yellow)
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| Red marrow | site of blood cell formation
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| yellow marrow | is mostly adipose tissue
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| in children, spaces within bones are filled with | red marrow
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| In adults, the ones of the skull & limbs (except for the proximal epiphyses) have ______ marrow | yellow marrow
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| bone marrow in adults | red marrow - in pelvic girdle - ribs & & shoulders???
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| Bone matrix | mature bone matrix is aboutr 35% organic and 65% inorganic material
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| Organix material of mature bone (35%) | primarily consists of collagen and proteoglycans
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| inorganix material of mature bone (65%) | Consists of calcium phosphate crystal called hydroxyapatite
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| What is hydroxyapatite? | "apatite" is a class of naturally occuring crystalline minerals containing calcium & phosphorus; a component of bones & teeth
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| hydroxy- | prefix indicating addition or substitution of the -OH group to or in the compound named after it
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| What is the formula for hydroxyapatite? | Ca10(PO4)(OH)2
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| what does bone matrix resemble? | reinforced concrete
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| Osteoblasts have an extensive ____________ and numerous ____________?? | Osteoblasts have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum & numerous ribosomes
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| Osteoblasts produce (2) and release them from the cell by ____________ | Osteoblasts produce collagen and proteoglycans, which are packaged into vesicles by the Golgi apparatus and release from the cell by exocytosis
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| Osteoblasts also form vesicles that accumulate ____________ and ____________ | Osteoblasts also form vesicles that accumulate calcium ions (Ca+) and Phosphate ions (PO4 2-)
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| Ossification | the formation of bone by osteoblasts
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| ossification is also called | osteogenesis
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| ossification occurs by ____________ growth on the surgace of previously existing bone or cartilage | Ossification occurs by APPOSITIONAL growth
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| ossification occurs when | osteoblasts connect to other cells; bone matrix secreted from the osteoblasts covers the older bone surface and surrounds the osteoblast cell bodies and processes; resulting in a new layer of bone
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| osteocytes | mature bone cell
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| circumferential lamellae | thin plates of bone that extend around the periphery
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| periosteum | connective tissue membrane which covers the outer surface of the bone
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| canaliculi | spaces occupied by the osteocyte cell processes
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| osteon | consists of a single central canal, its contents, and associate concentric lamellae and osteocytes
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| interstitial lamellae | remnants of concentric or circumferential lamellae that were partially removed during bone remodeling
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| Haversian/central canal | vesseles that run parallel to the long axis of the bone
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| perforating/vokmann's canals | blood vessels that run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
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| lamellae | thin sheet or layer; such as bone
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| mandibular fossa | depression - mandibular condyle fits in here - this is the articulation point between the mandible and skull
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| olfactory foramina | one of the openings on the cribiform plate in the ethmoid bone
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| palatine bone | forms part of the hard palate & a small part of the orbit of the eye
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| ramus of mandible | a part of a bone that forms an angle with the main body - LESS SLENDER than a "Process" - it's the bump in the middle of the posterior middle section of the mandible
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| nasal bone | forms bridge of nose
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| maxillary sinus | CAVITY in the bone-helps lighten the skull
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| atlas | 1st cervical vertebrae - flat - no "spine" process
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| axis | 2nd cervical vertebrae - DENS-"tooth" projecting from it
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| number of vertebrae in adult | 26 - cervical -7; thoracic - 12; lumbar-5; sacral-1 plus coccygeal - 1
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| developing emryoe has how many bones? | 33-34 - because sacral vertebrae - 5 (become one) and coccygeal (4 or 5) become one
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| what do cervical vertabrae have that the other vertabrae do NOT have? | A TRANSVERSE FORAMEN - vertebral arteries extend toward head
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| sacral promontory | Superior point of sacrum where it articulates with lumbar vertebrae; a "promontory" is the top of a hill - has a slight ridge
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| acro | combining form meaning "top" "peak" "extremity" - Akron is the PEAK of civilization in OHIO
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| cora coid | cora "crow's beak" oid "like" - shaped like a crow's beak
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| main bones of the arm | humerus, ulna, radius
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| how many bones of the carpal??? | 8
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| bones of the leg | femur, tibia, fibula
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| what bone articulates with the femur | tibia
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| what is the surgical neck of the humerus? | a place where the bone breaks, below the anatomical neck
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| deltoid tuberosity | Middle of the humerus
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| capitulum - on the humerus - articulates with elbow | looks like a head - is on lateral side
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| what is the elbow? | olecranon process on the ulna
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| trochlea | "spool" on posterior of ulna
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| medial malleolus is on what side of the leg? what is it part of? | the "inside" of the leg-on the tibia
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| woven bone | collagen fibers are randomly oriented in many directions - this is fetal bone - which is later replaced by mature bone (lamellar)
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| lamellar bone - mature bone | organized into thin sheets -
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| trabeculi | spaces in bone filled with blood or cartilage
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| intromembranous ossification | skull bones, mandible, etc. develop in fetus the mesenchyme
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| centers of ossification | part of membrane where ossification begin
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| endochondral ossification | cartilage forms most of skeleton (other than skull) - produce a hyaline "cartilage model"
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| endochondral ossification | 1. cartilage matrix calcifies 2. osteoblasts form cancellous bone from cartilage & outer surface of compact bone 3. primary "ossificaiton centers" form diaphyses 4. secondary ossification centers form the epiphyses
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| what does NOT ossify | articular cartilage & epiphyseal plate
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