AP Bio Chapter 51
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| Behavior | What an animal does and how it does it
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| Ethology | A research field that tries t understand how animals behave in their natural habitats
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| Fixed Action Pattern(FAP) | A sequence of behavioral patterns that is essentially unchanged and usually carried to completion once initiated
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| Sign Stimulus | Triggers a FAP and is usually some feature of another species
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| Behavioral Ecology | The expectation that animals increase their Darwinian fitness by optimal behavior
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| Search Image | A set of key characteristics that will lead an animal to a desired object
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| Optimal Foraging | The concept that natural selection will favor animals that choose foraging strategies that maximize the differential between benefits and cost
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| Learning | The modification of behavior from specific experience
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| Maturation | Changing of behavior because of ongoing developmental changes in neuromuscular system
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| Habituation | Type of learning that involves a loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information
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| Imprinting | Learning that is limited to a certain time period in an animal's life and is generally irrevesable
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| Critical Period | Time when imprinting can take place
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| Associative learning | The ability of animals to associate one stimulus with another
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| Classical conditioning | Learn to associate an arbitrary stimulus with a reward or punishment
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| Operant conditioning | Trial and error learning
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| Play | Behavior that has no apparent external goal but involves movement closely associated with goal-directed behaviors
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| Cognition | The ability to perceive, process, and store information
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| Cognitive Ethology | The study of animal cognition
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| Cognitive maps | Internal representations, or codes, of the spatial relationships among objects in their surroundings
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| Kinesis | Simple change in an activity rate due to a stimulus
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| Taxis | More or less automated movement towards or away from a stimulus
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| Migration | Regular movement over relatively long distances
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| Sociobiology | Evolutionary theory as a basis for study and interpretation of social behavior
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| Agnostic behavior | A contest involving both threatening and sunmissive behavior to determine which competitor gain access to a resource, such as food or a mate
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| Ritual | The use of symbolic activity
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| Dominance Hierarchy | A clear "pecking order"
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| Parental Investment | Time and resources an individual must expend to produce offspring
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| Lek | A small area inhabited by males (birds and insects)
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| Promiscuous | No strong pair-bonds or lasting relationships
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| Monogogamous | One mate
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| Polygamous | Multiple mates
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| Polygyny | One male with many female mates
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| Polyandry | A single female with several male mates
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| Pheromones | Odors emit chemical signals
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| Inclusive fitness | Passing genes to offspring
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| Coefficient of relatedness | Quantitative measure of inclusive fitness
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| Kin selection | Increasing inclusive fitness
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| Reciprocal Altruism | Aided individuals return favors in the future
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