English Reading Elements
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| theme | the central idea or unifying generaization implied or stated by a literary work: usually reveals something about the experience of being human: not a moral or a lesson; its all about the theme.
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| character | individuals involved in a story
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| protagonist | central character in a story
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| antagonist | any force in a sotry that is in conflict with the protagonist
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| flat | character that is summed up in one or two traits
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| round | complex and many-sided character
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| stock | stereotype character; nature is familiar to us from prototypes in previous literature
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| static | same sort of person at the end of a story as he/she was at the beginning
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| dynamic | individual who during the sotry undergoes a premanent change in some aspect of his character or outlook
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| setting | the context in a time and place in which the ation of a story occurs
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| plot | the sequence of incidents or events of which a story is composed
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| exposition | background information that is needed to understand the sotry properl is provided; includes the protagonist, the antagonist, the basic conflict, the setting, and so forth.
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| conflict | clas of actions, desires, ideas or goals in the plot of a story-man vs.man -man vs. environment-man vs. circumstances -man vs. society-man vs. himself
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| rising action | the developement in a story that precedes and leads up to a climax
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| climax | the turning point or high point in a plot
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| falling action | segment of the plot that coems between the climax and the conclusion
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| denouencement | (conclusion, resolution) portion of a plot that reveals the final outome of its conflicts or the solution of its mysteries
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| poin of view | the angle of vision from which a story is told
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| first person | story is told by one of its charaters, using the first person(I, me)
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| third person limited omniscient | narrator tells the story, using the thurd person, but limits himself to a complete knowledge of one character in the story and tells us only what that one character thinks, feels, sees, or hears
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| third person omniscient | autor tells the story, using the third person; he knows all and is free to tell us anything, including what the characters are thinking or feeling and why they act as they do
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| diction | an author's choice of words
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| connotation | a word's emotional content
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| denotation | a words's dictionary definition
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| imatery | a word or group of words in a literary work which appeal to one or more of the senses: sight, taste,touch, hearing, and smell
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| metaphor | igure of spech in which an implicit comparison is made between two things that are essentially unalike
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| simile | figure of speech in which and explicit comparison is mae between two unlike things using words such as like, as, or seems
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| personification | figure of speech in which human attributes are given to an animal,object, or concept
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| hyperbole | figure of speech in which exageration is used in the service o truth
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| allusion | a refrence, explicit or implicit, to something in previos literature or history
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| irony | a situation, or use of language, involving some kind of incongruity or discrepancy
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| verbalirony | figure of speech in which that which is ment is the opposite of what is said
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| situational irony | situation in which there is an incongruity between actual circumstances and those that would seem appropriate or between what is anticipated and what acutally comes to pass
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| dramatic irony | situation in which the words and actions of the characters of a work of literaure have a different meaning for the reader than they do for the characters because the reader has a greater knowledge than the characters themselves
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| tone | the authors attitued,stated or implied, toward a subject. Some possible attitues are pessimism, optmism, earnestness seriousness, bitterness, humorous, and joyfun. An author's tone can be revealed through choice of words and details.
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