Joints and Bone Characteristics
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| Kinesiology | study of motion or human movement
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| Anatomic kinesiology | study of human musculoskeletal system & musculotendinous system
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| Biomechanics | application of mechanical physics to human motion
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| Structural Kinesiology | study of muscles as they are involved in science of movement
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| Anatomical Position and the difference b/w anatomical and fundamental | Anatomical position : standing upright, facing forward, feet parallel and close, and palms facing forward
Fundamental: same except arms are at sides and palms facing the body
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| Anterior | Front
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| Posterior | Back
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| Inferior | Below
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| Superior | Above
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| posterolateral | behind & to one side (specifically to the outside)
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| anteromedial | in front & towards the inner side/midline
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| contralateral | pertaining to or relating to the opposite side
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| ipsilateral | on the same side
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| bilateral | relating to the left and right sides of the body
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| distal | situated away from the center of the body
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| proximal | nearest the body
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| lateral | on or to the side
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| caudal | below in relation to another structure; inferior
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| cephalic | above in relation to another structure; superior
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| deep | beneath or below the surface - used to describe muscles/tissue location
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| superficial | near the surface; used to describe relative depth of muscle/tissue
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| prone | the body lying face downward; on one's stomach
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| supine | body lying facing upward; lying on one's back
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| dorsal | relating to the back; being located near, on or towards the posterior part
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| ventral | relating to the belly or abdomen
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| volar | relating to palm of the hand or the sole of the foot
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| plantar | relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot
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| axial (3 parts) | cephalic (head), cervical (neck), trunk
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| appendicular | upper limbs, lower limbs
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| sagittal plane | divides body into left and right halves
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| frontal plane | divides the body into front and back halves
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| transverse plane | divides body into top and bottom half
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| coronal axis | runs mediolateral, 90 degree angle with the sagittal plane, same orientation as frontal plane
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| anteroposterior axis | same orientation as the sagittal plane, runs front to back
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| What movements use the coronal axis? | flexion/extension
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| What movements use the anteroposterior axis? | abduction/adduction
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| vertical axis | runs down through the head, right angle to the transverse plane
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| what movements use vertical axis? | internal/external rotation
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| How many bones in the human body? | 206
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| How many bones in the axial skeleton versus the appendicular skeleton? | 80 axial bones, 126 appendicular bones
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| What are the 5 functions of the skeleton? | 1. Protection of the heart, lungs, organs
2. Support to maintain posture
3. Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles
4. mineral storage (calcium/phosphorus)
5. hemopoiesis - process of blood cell formation in red blood marrow
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| What are the 5 types of bones? | long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
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| what type of bone contains the medullary canal? | long bones
ex. phalanges, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna
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| What bones are small and cubical shaped? | Short bones
ex. carpals and tarsals
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| Which bones usually have a curved surface? | flat bones
ex. sternum, scapula
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| What are examples of irregular bones | entire spine, pubis, and maxilla
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| Which bones are small bones embedded in the tendons and provide protection as well as mechanical advantage? | sesamoid bones
ex. patella
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| Diaphysis | long cylindrical shaft of bone
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| cortex | hard, dense, compact bone that forms walls of diaphysis
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| Periosteum | dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis
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| endosteum | fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex
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| medullary cavity | b/w walls of diaphysis, contains yellow or fatty marrow
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| epiphysis | ends of long bones formed from spongy bone
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| epiphyseal plate | growth plate - thin plate of cartilage that separates diaphysis and epiphyses
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| articular cartilage | covers the epiphysis to provide cushioning and reduce friction
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| endochondral bones | bones which develop from hyaline cartilage; grow rapdily into the structures shaped similarly to the bones they will become
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| when does longitudinal growth stop? | when the epiphyseal plates disappear and close
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| osteoblasts | from new bone
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| osteoclasts | "clean up crew" - break down/resorb old bones
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| What is the breakdown of bone weight | 60-70% bone weight - calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate
25-30% water
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| What is the point of collagen? | provides some flexibility and strength in resisting tension
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| What causes progressive loss of collagen & increases brittleness? | aging
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| What is most outer bone made up of? | cortical bone
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| Which type of bone has higher porosity? | cancellous/spongy
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| Bones reshape themselves based upon what? | stresses placed upon them
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| bone mass increases over time with what? | increased stress
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| Which type of bone is stifffer? Which type can withstand more strain? | Cortical is stiffer, but Cancellous can undergo greater strength
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| What are the two main types of bone markings? | Processes and Cavities
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| Articulation | connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between the surfaces of the bones
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| What are the 3 major classifications of joints? | Synarthrodial, Amphiarthrodial, Diarthrodial
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| synarthrodial joint | immovable joint (ex. skull sutures)
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| syndesmosis | two bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseus membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones
ex. tibiofibular joint
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| ampiarthrodial joint | slightly moveable (syndesmosis, synchonrosis, symphsis)
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| synchrondosis | joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows slight movement between the bones (ribs)
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| symphysis | joint separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows slight movement (pelvis)
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| diarthrodial joints | synovial joints; freely moveable, composed of a sleevelike joint capsule (cartilage) and secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint cavity
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| how many planes of motion do diarthrodial joints have motion in | 1 or more
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| arthrodial joints | gliding joints; consist of 2 plane or flat bony surfaces which butt against each other, little motion possible (ex. spine, intercarpal joints)
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| ginglymus joint | hinge joint; uniaxial articulation. only motion in one plane (ex. knee, elbow)
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| trochoid joint | pivot joint; uniaxial
proximal and distal rasial-ulnar joints
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| condyloid joint | knuckle joint; ball and socket
2nd-5th metacarpals
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| enarthrodial joint | multiaxial/triaxial ball and socket joint
ex. hip/shoulder
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| motions of the enarthrodial joints | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal abduction & adduction, rotation, (circumduction)
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| motions of the condyloid joint | flexion, extension, abduction & adduction (circumduction)
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| motions of the arthrodial joint | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal abduction & adduction, & rotation, (circumduction)
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| sellar joint **** | saddle joint; triaxial joint, two repciprically concave and convex articular surfaces
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| motions of the sellar joint | Flexion, extension, adduction & abduction, circumduction & slight rotation
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| physiological movements | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction & rotation
occur by bones moving through planes of motion about an axis of rotation at a joint
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| accessory motions | spin, glide, & roll
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| spin | a single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another point on another articular surface
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| roll | a series of points on one articular surface contacts with a series of points on another articular surface
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| glide | slide; a specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface
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| can physiological motion occur if accessory motion is prevented? | no, unless by joint compression or distraction
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| which two motions must occur together to some extent? | glide and roll
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