A&P.tricOH.chap3.fall2008
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| diffusion | movement of substance from HIGHER concentration to LOWER concentration
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| concentration gradient (relating to diffusion) | difference in solute concentration between two points/divided by the distance separating the points
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| Diffusion--what is the end result? | uniform distribution of molecules
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| Does diffusion require energy? | NO
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| cell membranes are composed of | phospholipid molecules interspersed with large globular protein molecules
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| phospholipid molecules | have a phosphate head that is soluble in water & a fatty acid tale
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| The phospho head is | hydrophilic "Heads love water-they float above it"
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| the lipid tale is | hydrophobic-LIPIDs are Fats and fats never mix with water!
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| Integral proteins (in cell membranes) | Span the lipid bilayer
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| Peripheral proteins | embedded in only one side of the member
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| golgi apparatus | forms lysosomes, secretory vesicles & other cytoplasmic components
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| gogli apparatus function | "packages" material made by endoplasmic reticulum
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| lysosomes | contain HYDRO LYTIC enzymes - break molecular bonds - they are intracellular digestive system
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| Lysosomes break down | proteins, lipids, glycogen, nucleic acid & mucopolysaccharades
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| Pinocytosis | Ingestion of extracellular fluid;
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| prokaryote | bacteria "before nucleus"
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| lysosomes | contains digestive enzymes
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| PROTeasomes | LARGE - "prote" breaks down proteins
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| peroxisome | fatty acid & amino acid - breaks down hydrogen peroxide
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| centrioles | in "CENTRASOME" - important in mitosis-form microtubules
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| microvilli | extension of plasma membrane - stomach - increase cell surface area - do not move
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| cilia | MOVE - in short hairlike - EX. bronchus
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| amphipathic | both hyro-philic & hydro-phobic
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| amphi | "around" think of an amphere(?)
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| Cholesterol | steroid - in membrane - MOST ABUNDANT - 1/3 of total lipids in plasma membrane
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| enzyme | catalyst - SPEEDS reaction without being used!
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| membrane lipids (2) | phospholipid or cholesterol (steroid)
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| Membrane proteins (2) | integral or peripheral
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| polypeptide bonds have a structure | primary-secondary-tertiary- which affect they way they sit in the plasma membrane - an integral protein can orient itself
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| Membran proteins are different kinds (6) | markers, attachment sites, channels, receptors, enzymes, or carriers
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| marker molecules - 2 functions | Identify one another & other molecules 2. Communicate between cells
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| golgi apparatus | "packages" proteins for internal use or secretion
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| Does every cell have a golgi appartus? | no - Ex. not in muscle cells
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| What does the Golgi apparatus look like? | a stack of pancakes
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| mitochondria | produce energy - using oxygen - Ex. yeast makes suger, leaves alcohol
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| flagella | sperm
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| cilia | hair-like - MOVE - in esophagus
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| microvilli - | Extensions of plasma membrane - increase surface area - do not move
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| Marker molecules | glycoprotein & glycolipids -
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| What are marker molecules for? | 1.) Allow cells to IDENTIFY one another & other molecules 2.) Allow Intercellular communication & recognition
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| What is another name for glycoproteins & glycolipids? | Marker molecules
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| integrins are also called | attachments sites
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| Integrins work as | "integrin twins" two work to form a key for extracellular molecules
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| Attachment proteins (name two) | cadherins - integrins
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| Cadherins | integral glycoprotein - binds with calcium
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| What is a "cad"herin? | acts as SUPPRESSOR of epithelial tumor cells-can be shut off & start tumors
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| a "CAD" stays attached | Cadherins in zonula adherens-communicate with other cells
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| Integrins might recognize (example) | collagen
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| Channel proteins (3) | nongated - gated - voltage gated
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| Voltage gated Ex. | skeletal muscle - cells will open for acetylcholine - Na+ channel
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| what is the chemical GGGGGate called? | Ligand think "liGGGGAAAAnd"
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| Receptor proteins | membrane proteins that attach to specific ligands - coordinates cell communication
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| receptor proteins-linked to G protein complex | "GEE!" Ex. epinephrine - adrenal glands release-body reacts - heartbeat increases
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| Enzymes -function | enzymes - CATALYST - remains unchanged
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| Enzymes | Latin - "leaven" example PEPSIN in stomach
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| Selectively permeable membrane | only certain substances - small, nonpolar & uncharged
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| What can diffuse through the plasma membrane? | Molecules that are soluble in lipids (oxygen, carbon dioxide & steroids) also UREA
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| Membrane channels (3) | sodium, potassium & chloride
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| Carrier molecules | Large - polar molecules need Carriers - like the Polar "star" - (book showed star-shaped molecule binding to carrier
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| What are carriers like? | Carriers like POLAR bears & specific wares (ex. glucose binds only to glucose carrier- aminio acid to amino acid carrier)
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| How do substance move across the plasma membrane? | 1. Directly 2. membrane channels 3. carrier molecules 4. vesicles
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| diffusion | No confusion - movement of solutes from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration in solution Ex. salt crystal (high concentration of salt) dissolves in water until it is diffused
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| Waht is the concentration gradient? | Higher concentration (cube of salt) to lower concentration (salty water)
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| how do you obtain the concentration gradients? | The concentration difference between two points - divided by the distance between two points
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| Where is the concentration gradient highest? lowest? | salt ions move down their concentration gradient (from a cube of high concentration) toward an area of low concentration (the surrounding water)
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| Osmosis | movement of water ONLY from HIGH water concentration - to low water concentration
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| Osmotic pressure | force required to PREVENT movement of water by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane.
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| The greater the concentration of a solution (osmotic pressure) | the greater the osmotic pressure (because water will move into the solution to equalize the water/solute balance)
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| Iso | Gr. prefix meaning "equal"
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| isotonic | cells neither swell nor shrink in solution
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| tonicity | In an isotonic solution, the shape of the cell remains constant, maintaining its internal tension or tone
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| crenation | a notch - denoting the outline of a shriveled red blood cell in hyper tonic solution
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| hypertonic | hyper = crenation - Hypertonic solution - water moves OUT of cell to diffuse into high solute solution
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| Hypotonic | too much water outside cell - moves into cells-it bursts
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| hypo | prefix meaning deficient, below normal Gr. hypo-under
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| hyper | Gr. above - meaning excessive, above normal
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| lyse | burst-to break up
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| filtration | small holes - sieve - Ex. kidney
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| mediated transport mechanisms | carrier proteins or channels for large, water-soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules
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| Mediated transport mechanisms | 1. specificity 2. competition 3. saturation
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| saturated carrier protein | ex. glucose - too many molecules mean cell cannot hold more
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| secondary active transport | active transport of a ion such as sodium,
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| Active transport - molecules move from Low | to High (AGAINST the concentration gradient)
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| What do you need for active transport? | ATP - AAAAgainst gradients - from lower to higher
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| Why is it important to go from lower to higher? | they can concentrate substances many times greater than the other side
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| sodium-potassium pump |
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| secondary active transport | When sodium is moved out of cell, it has a tendency to move back in - so they can also bring in a friend Ex. Glucose "rides" salt in the intestine
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| cotransport or symport | Movement in same direction-secondary active transport
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| antiport | secondary active transport where movement is in opposite direction
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| membrane assisted transport | endocytosis & exocytosis - "Pinching" membrane to form vesicles or opening membrane to release
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| recpetor-mediated endocystosis | hypercholesterolemia - "hyper" cholesterol gets into bloodstream - accumulates & can cause atherosclerosis
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