Rome Ms. Cross
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| Senate | Upper Legislature of Rome. made up of Patricians.
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| Laws of the Twelve Tables | Published laws. One of the first written records of laws. promotes equality b/c now plebians can appeal a judgement handed down by a patrician judge. lawyers and rhetoric are very important in Rome
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| Punic Wars | 3 wars that Rome fought against Carthiginians for control of the Mediterranean. Rome wins
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| Hannibal | Successful Carthiginian general who invaded Italy to win many battles against the Romans during the Second Punic War. Eventually he had to retreat to Africa where he lost to Scipio at the battle of Zama.
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| Republic | representative gov't (of the people) in Rome between 500 BC(Regicide) and 44 BC (Death of JC)
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| Patrician | members of the landholding upper class $$$
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| Consul | 2 chosen each year to rule Rome jointly. They supervised gov't and led the armies
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| Dictator | ruler who has complete control over a gov't. Granted emergency powers to rule in times of war. "Cincinnatus and his 16 days of emergency power"
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| Plebian | the farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders who made up the bulk of the Roman population, but had little influence.
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| Tribune | tribunes could veto, nullify, block, laws being discussed in the Senate that may have harmed the Plebians. Equity in gov't
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| veto | to block, Tribunes could do it, and governors and presidents do it today
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| legion | basic unit of the army of 5,000 men
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| Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus | Two patrician brothers who tried to reform Rome (bring back the old values of sacrifice and discipline) by redistributing public lands to the poor, free grain for the poor, and to extend Roman Citizenship to other Italians. They were murdered by other pat
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| Julius Caesar | Consul, General, and eventually Dictator of Rome. Started a Civil War with Pompey and won. Murdered by some senators who thought he would become King. (Romans liked to kill Kings - Regicide)
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| Augustus | Octavian, nephew of Julius Caesar. First Emperor. 31 BC to 14 AD. The Roman Empire ruled its territory peacefully for 200 years after his death
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| Hadrian | One to the "Good" Emperors. Codified Roman law and strengthened the borders of the empire. "Hadrian's Wall" in Scotland.
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| Pax Romana | 200 year period of Peace from the rule of Augustus to Marcus Aurelius. Peace, Commerce ($), Spread of knowledge (Hellenistic and Roman ideas merge).
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| Circus Maximus | Boston has Suffolk Downs and Ancient Rome had the Circus Maximus. Chariot race course that was very dangerous but people bet on their favorite teams. Part of the "bread and circuses" that kept the poor happy and quiet.
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| Greco-Roman Civilization | Greek and Hellenistic ideas on art, literature, philosophy and science were adopted and adapted by the Romans
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| Pantheon | Located in Rome. A temple to all the Gods. the largest domed structure for 1500 years
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| Pliny | Scientist, biologist who wrote extensively many topics. He died when he got to close to the erupting Vesuvius in 79 AD
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| Virgil | he wrote the epic poem the Aenid about the founding of Rome. he linked his story to works of Homer
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| Livy | Recounted old tales of Roman history trying to restore the old Roman values
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| Civil Law | Law that applied to all Roman citizens. ((Foreigners had to follow the 'Law of Nations'))
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| Law of Nations | applied to all non-Roman citizens
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| Aqueduct | brought water into city centers. used gravity and arches to deliver the water from miles away.
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| Jesus | Jew who preached that he was the son of God. spritual salvation and eternal life were granted to all who followed his words. The Romans crucified him like they would any troublemaker (revolutionary) who refused to acknowledge the rule of Augustus.
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| Gospels | accounts written by 4 of Jesus' followers
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| Apostle | disciples who spread Jesus' message of salvation across the mediterranean. Paul of Tarsus
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| Paul | disciple who set up churches from Mesopotamia to Rome. wrote many "letters"
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| New Testament | 2nd part of Bible that Chronicles Jesus' life and messages of Early Christianity
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| Edict of Milan | 313 AD ended persecution of Christians and freedom to worship . Constantine
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| Messiah | savior sent by God who would lead the Jews to freedom
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| sect | Small groups who worshipped in isolation and secrecy
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| matyr | people who suffer of die for their beliefs (dont' forget the lions)
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| Bishop | Church official (priest) who was responsible for all Christians in a diocese (geographical area of worship
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| Pope | head of the Roman Catholic Church
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| heresies | teachings said to be contrary to the "official" church teachings
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| Livy | Recounted old tales of Roman history trying to restore the old Roman values
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| Attila | 434 AD Hun leader who terrorized the Romans and the Germans. The Roman borders were frequently crossed by barbarians trying to evade Attila adn the Huns
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| Odoacer | 476 German leader who ousts the last emperor of Rome. The end of the Roman empire in the West (WRE)
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| Mercenary | foreign soldiers serving for pay $$. These soldiers lacked the discipline and training of past Roman armies. Borders became weak . It was like having the weasels guarding the henhouse.
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| Fall of the Roman Empire (Reasons) | Military:- use of mercenaries- no disciplinePolitical:- gov't more oppressive and authoritarian- no support from the people- corruption and bribery- dividing the empire made it weak Economic:- heavy taxation (squeezed the businessmen)- farmers abandoned f
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| Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine | Government:- (Diocletian) East/West with co-ruler of the West who had to "answer to" Diocletian. smaller areas easier to manageEconomic:- fixed prices for goods and services- farmers and artisans restricted to their jobs --steady production of food and go
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| Geography: how it influenced Roman Expansion | Rome located in the center of Italy on the North - South trade routes. Not on sea so it was not easily invaded. Italy located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea - the center of all trade for trade from East, Africa, and Europe.
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| Components of the Roman Republic | 500 BC to 31 BC
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misterd