chapter 2 - the chemical level of organization
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| matter exists in how many states? and what are they? | solids, liquids, gas
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| all forms of matter - living and non-living - are made up a limited number building blocks called? | chemical elements
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| what chemical elements make up about 96% of the body's mass? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
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| what is each element made up of? | atoms
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| what does the nucleus consisted of? | protons, neutrons, and electrons
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| what is the region called that electrons move around in? | electron shells
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| what subatomic particle is also equal to the number of an element's atomic number? | protons
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| what subatomic particles is the mass number consisted of? | protons and neutrons
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| radioactive isotopes are unstable and decay. T or F | true
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| what are different atoms of an element have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons called? | isotopes
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| the time required for hald of the radioactive atoms in a sample of that isotope to decay into a more stable form | half-life
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| what is the maximum amount of electrons the first electron shell can hold? | 2
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| what is the maximum amount of electroms the second electron shell can hold? | 8
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| what is the maximum amount of electrons the third electron shell can hold? | 18
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| what is that standard unit of measurment for the mass of atoms and thier subatomic particles? | dalton
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| the average mass of an element's naturally occuring isotopes | atomic mass
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| an atom that has either a positive or negative charge because it has an unequal numbers of protons and neutrons | ion
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| the process of giving up or gaining electrons | ionization
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| when two or more atoms share electrons, what is formed? | molecule
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| a substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements | compound
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| an electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell | free radical
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| consumption of what substance are thought to inactivate the oxygen-derived free radicals? | antioxidants: selenium, zinc, beta-carotene, vitamins C and E
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| the forces that hold together the atoms of molecules or a compound | chemical bond
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| another name for the outermost shell | valence shell
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| when is an atom chemically stable? | when the valence shell is holding 8 electrons
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| the force of attraction that hold together ions with opposite charges | ionic bond
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| what is a positively charged ion called? | cation
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| what is a negatively charged ion called? | anion
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| an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive an negative ions in a solution is called an? | electrolyte
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| where are ionic bonds mainly found? | in teeth and bones
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| what type of bond is formed when two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them? | covalent
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| when one atoms doesn't attract the shared electrons more strongly than the other atom | nonpolar covalent bond
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| what type of bond is formed when the sharing of two atoms is unequal | polar covalent bond
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| the power to attract electrons to itself | electronegativity
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| what type of bond is formed when a hydrogen atom with a patial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms | hydrogen
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| the tendency of like particles to stay together | cohesion
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| what is the form of energy that is stored by matter due to its position? | potential energy
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| what is the form of energy that is associated with matter in motion? | kinetic energy
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| what is the capacity to do work called? | energy
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| what is a form of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules? | chemical energy
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| when energy can niether be destroyed or created, but it can be converted from one form to another. | law of conservation of energy
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| what type of bond is found most in the body? | covalent bond
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| the collison energy needed to break the chemical bond of the reactants | activation energy
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| what two components influence the chance that a collision will occur and cause a chemical reaction? | concentration & temperature
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| what type of bond is found most in the body? | covalent bond
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| the collison energy needed to break the chemical bond of the reactants | activation energy
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| what two components influence the chance that a collision will occur and cause a chemical reaction? | concentration & temperature
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| what are chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur | catalyst
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| what type of chemical reactions occurs when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules? | synthesis - anabolism
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| A + B --combines to form--> AB | synthesis reaction
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| what type of chemical reaction occurs when large molecules split up into smaller ions, atoms, and molecules? | decomposition
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| AB --breaks down into--> A + B | decomposition - catabolism
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| what type of chemical reaction consists of both synthesis and decomposition? | exchange
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| AB + CD ----> AD + BC | exchange reaction
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| what type of chemical reaction occurs when the products can revert to the original reactants? | reversible
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| AB -breaks down into & combines to form- A+B | reversible reaction
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| what is the relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction? | depending on what type of reaction; reactants determine product
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| what kind of compounds usually lack carbon and are structurally simple? | inorganic compounds
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| what type of bonds do inorganic compounds contain? | ionic and covalent
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| what is the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems? | water
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| what is the most versatile solvent? | water
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| solutes that are charged or contain polar covalent bonds | hydrophilic
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| molecules that contain mainly nonpolar covalent bonds | hydrophobic
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| decomposition reaction that break down large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules by the addition of water molecules | hydrolisis
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| what is a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds? | mixture
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| what are the three common liquid mixtures? | solutions, colloids, and suspensions
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| what is the difference between a colliod and a solution? | the size of its particles
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| when the suspended material may mix with the liquid or suspending medium for some time, but eventually settles out | supsension
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| what is a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions? | acid
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| what is a substance that removes hydrogen ions from a solution? | a base which is therefore a proton acceptor
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| where is a solution's acidity or alkalinity expressed on? | pH scale
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| what is the function of buffer systems? | converts strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases
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| a solution that has more H+ than OH- | acidic solution
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| a solution that has more OH- than H+ | basic (alkaline) solution
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| the chemical compounds that can convert strong acids or bases into weak ones | buffers
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| a buffer system that compensates for either an excess or a shortage of H+ | carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
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| what functions does water perform in the body? | solvent, lubricant, and helps in chemical reactions
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| the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule | carbon skeleton
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| other atoms or molecules that are bound to the hydrocarbon skeleton | functional groups
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| small organic molecules that combine into very large molecules | macromolecules
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| a large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of many identical or similar small building block molecules called monomers | polymers
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| molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures | isomers
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| sugars, glycogen, starches, cellulose | carbohydrates
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| how much percent of your body is composed of carbohydrates? | 2-3% of total body mass
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| what is the main function of carbohydrates in the body? | main source of chemical energy for generating ATP needed to drive metabolic reactions
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| type of sugar that is a building block of DNA and carries inherited genetic information | deoxyribose
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| what elements are found in carbohydrates? | carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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| what are the 3 major groups of carbohydrates? | monosaccharides, disacharides, polysaccharides
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| what 2 groups of carbohyrdates are known as the simple sugars? | monosaccharides and disacharides
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| what are examples of monosaccharides? | glucose (main blood sugar), fructose (fruit sugar), galactose (milk sugar), deoxyribose(in DNA), ribose(in RNA)
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| what are examples of disaccharides? | sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose
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| what are some examples of polysaccharides? | glycogen, starch, cellulose
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| polysaccharides fromed from glucose by plants | starches
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| polysaccharide found in plants that cannot be digested by humans but does provide bulk to help eliminate feces | cellulose
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| what percentage of the body's mass is made up of lipids? | 18-25%
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| lipid/protein complexes; are soluble because the proteins are on the outside and the proteins are on the inside | lipoprotien
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| what are the most plentiful lipids in your body and diet? | triglycerides/triglycerols
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| what is the function of triglycerides? | protection, insulation, and energy storage
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| what is the functio of phospholipids? | major lipid component of cell membranes
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| what 2 types of building blocks does triglyceride consist of? | one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules
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| triglycerides that contain only one single covalent bonds between fatty acid carbon atoms | saturated fats
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| contain fatty acids with one double covalent bond between two fatty acid carbon atoms | monosaturated fats
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| contain more than one double covalent bond between fatty acid carbon atoms | polyunsaturated fats
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