chapter 2 - the chemical level of organization
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| matter exists in how many states? and what are they? | solids, liquids, gas | ||||
| all forms of matter - living and non-living - are made up a limited number building blocks called? | chemical elements | ||||
| what chemical elements make up about 96% of the body's mass? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen | ||||
| what is each element made up of? | atoms | ||||
| what does the nucleus consisted of? | protons, neutrons, and electrons | ||||
| what is the region called that electrons move around in? | electron shells | ||||
| what subatomic particle is also equal to the number of an element's atomic number? | protons | ||||
| what subatomic particles is the mass number consisted of? | protons and neutrons | ||||
| radioactive isotopes are unstable and decay. T or F | true | ||||
| what are different atoms of an element have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons called? | isotopes | ||||
| the time required for hald of the radioactive atoms in a sample of that isotope to decay into a more stable form | half-life | ||||
| what is the maximum amount of electrons the first electron shell can hold? | 2 | ||||
| what is the maximum amount of electroms the second electron shell can hold? | 8 | ||||
| what is the maximum amount of electrons the third electron shell can hold? | 18 | ||||
| what is that standard unit of measurment for the mass of atoms and thier subatomic particles? | dalton | ||||
| the average mass of an element's naturally occuring isotopes | atomic mass | ||||
| an atom that has either a positive or negative charge because it has an unequal numbers of protons and neutrons | ion | ||||
| the process of giving up or gaining electrons | ionization | ||||
| when two or more atoms share electrons, what is formed? | molecule | ||||
| a substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements | compound | ||||
| an electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell | free radical | ||||
| consumption of what substance are thought to inactivate the oxygen-derived free radicals? | antioxidants: selenium, zinc, beta-carotene, vitamins C and E | ||||
| the forces that hold together the atoms of molecules or a compound | chemical bond | ||||
| another name for the outermost shell | valence shell | ||||
| when is an atom chemically stable? | when the valence shell is holding 8 electrons | ||||
| the force of attraction that hold together ions with opposite charges | ionic bond | ||||
| what is a positively charged ion called? | cation | ||||
| what is a negatively charged ion called? | anion | ||||
| an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive an negative ions in a solution is called an? | electrolyte | ||||
| where are ionic bonds mainly found? | in teeth and bones | ||||
| what type of bond is formed when two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them? | covalent | ||||
| when one atoms doesn't attract the shared electrons more strongly than the other atom | nonpolar covalent bond | ||||
| what type of bond is formed when the sharing of two atoms is unequal | polar covalent bond | ||||
| the power to attract electrons to itself | electronegativity | ||||
| what type of bond is formed when a hydrogen atom with a patial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms | hydrogen | ||||
| the tendency of like particles to stay together | cohesion | ||||
| what is the form of energy that is stored by matter due to its position? | potential energy | ||||
| what is the form of energy that is associated with matter in motion? | kinetic energy | ||||
| what is the capacity to do work called? | energy | ||||
| what is a form of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules? | chemical energy | ||||
| when energy can niether be destroyed or created, but it can be converted from one form to another. | law of conservation of energy | ||||
| what type of bond is found most in the body? | covalent bond | ||||
| the collison energy needed to break the chemical bond of the reactants | activation energy | ||||
| what two components influence the chance that a collision will occur and cause a chemical reaction? | concentration & temperature | ||||
| what type of bond is found most in the body? | covalent bond | ||||
| the collison energy needed to break the chemical bond of the reactants | activation energy | ||||
| what two components influence the chance that a collision will occur and cause a chemical reaction? | concentration & temperature | ||||
| what are chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur | catalyst | ||||
| what type of chemical reactions occurs when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules? | synthesis - anabolism | ||||
| A + B --combines to form--> AB | synthesis reaction | ||||
| what type of chemical reaction occurs when large molecules split up into smaller ions, atoms, and molecules? | decomposition | ||||
| AB --breaks down into--> A + B | decomposition - catabolism | ||||
| what type of chemical reaction consists of both synthesis and decomposition? | exchange | ||||
| AB + CD ----> AD + BC | exchange reaction | ||||
| what type of chemical reaction occurs when the products can revert to the original reactants? | reversible | ||||
| AB -breaks down into & combines to form- A+B | reversible reaction | ||||
| what is the relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction? | depending on what type of reaction; reactants determine product | ||||
| what kind of compounds usually lack carbon and are structurally simple? | inorganic compounds | ||||
| what type of bonds do inorganic compounds contain? | ionic and covalent | ||||
| what is the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems? | water | ||||
| what is the most versatile solvent? | water | ||||
| solutes that are charged or contain polar covalent bonds | hydrophilic | ||||
| molecules that contain mainly nonpolar covalent bonds | hydrophobic | ||||
| decomposition reaction that break down large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules by the addition of water molecules | hydrolisis | ||||
| what is a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds? | mixture | ||||
| what are the three common liquid mixtures? | solutions, colloids, and suspensions | ||||
| what is the difference between a colliod and a solution? | the size of its particles | ||||
| when the suspended material may mix with the liquid or suspending medium for some time, but eventually settles out | supsension | ||||
| what is a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions? | acid | ||||
| what is a substance that removes hydrogen ions from a solution? | a base which is therefore a proton acceptor | ||||
| where is a solution's acidity or alkalinity expressed on? | pH scale | ||||
| what is the function of buffer systems? | converts strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases | ||||
| a solution that has more H+ than OH- | acidic solution | ||||
| a solution that has more OH- than H+ | basic (alkaline) solution | ||||
| the chemical compounds that can convert strong acids or bases into weak ones | buffers | ||||
| a buffer system that compensates for either an excess or a shortage of H+ | carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system | ||||
| what functions does water perform in the body? | solvent, lubricant, and helps in chemical reactions | ||||
| the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule | carbon skeleton | ||||
| other atoms or molecules that are bound to the hydrocarbon skeleton | functional groups | ||||
| small organic molecules that combine into very large molecules | macromolecules | ||||
| a large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of many identical or similar small building block molecules called monomers | polymers | ||||
| molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures | isomers | ||||
| sugars, glycogen, starches, cellulose | carbohydrates | ||||
| how much percent of your body is composed of carbohydrates? | 2-3% of total body mass | ||||
| what is the main function of carbohydrates in the body? | main source of chemical energy for generating ATP needed to drive metabolic reactions | ||||
| type of sugar that is a building block of DNA and carries inherited genetic information | deoxyribose | ||||
| what elements are found in carbohydrates? | carbon, hydrogen and oxygen | ||||
| what are the 3 major groups of carbohydrates? | monosaccharides, disacharides, polysaccharides | ||||
| what 2 groups of carbohyrdates are known as the simple sugars? | monosaccharides and disacharides | ||||
| what are examples of monosaccharides? | glucose (main blood sugar), fructose (fruit sugar), galactose (milk sugar), deoxyribose(in DNA), ribose(in RNA) | ||||
| what are examples of disaccharides? | sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose | ||||
| what are some examples of polysaccharides? | glycogen, starch, cellulose | ||||
| polysaccharides fromed from glucose by plants | starches | ||||
| polysaccharide found in plants that cannot be digested by humans but does provide bulk to help eliminate feces | cellulose | ||||
| what percentage of the body's mass is made up of lipids? | 18-25% | ||||
| lipid/protein complexes; are soluble because the proteins are on the outside and the proteins are on the inside | lipoprotien | ||||
| what are the most plentiful lipids in your body and diet? | triglycerides/triglycerols | ||||
| what is the function of triglycerides? | protection, insulation, and energy storage | ||||
| what is the functio of phospholipids? | major lipid component of cell membranes | ||||
| what 2 types of building blocks does triglyceride consist of? | one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules | ||||
| triglycerides that contain only one single covalent bonds between fatty acid carbon atoms | saturated fats | ||||
| contain fatty acids with one double covalent bond between two fatty acid carbon atoms | monosaturated fats | ||||
| contain more than one double covalent bond between fatty acid carbon atoms | polyunsaturated fats |
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Created by:
hdungo23
on 2008-09-05