Russia & Eurasia
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| taiga | Earth's and Russia's largest forest made up of coniferous trees
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| tundra | vast, treeless plain north of Arctic Circle with average temps below freezing
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| permafrost | permanently frozen layer of soil beneath surface of ground
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| Ural Mountains | Range/boundary between Europe & Asia rich in iron ore, oil, natural gas; separates developed from developing Russia; physical barrier between Eurasia & Asia
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| Lake Baikal | Earth's and Russia's oldest, deepest lake; holds 1/5th of world's freshwater
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| radioactive waste | contamination of water and air causing pollution from nuclear waste and weapons of mass destruction residue
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| steppe | wide, grassy plain with dry summers & long cold winters, rich chernozem soil, located in SW/SE Russia, Eastern Europe, parts of Mongolia
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| pesticides | pollution causing chemicals which run off into lakes & rivers, used to kill crop-destroying rodents & insects
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| chernozem | rich black soil good for agriculture in Northern European Plain where 75% of Russia's population lives
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| 3 characteristics of Russia | 1-largest country in world
2-formerly U.S.S.R. [Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; now a unified country
3-formerly communist with command economy; now an independent republic with market economy
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| Soviet-Era | period from 1922-1991 when Russia was part of U.S.S.R. and communist
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| nationality | people who share feelings of pride and common language, religion, customs, beliefs
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| satellite nations | Eastern European countries formerly controlled by U.S.S.R. superpower after World War II
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| communism | belief based on Karl Marx's ideas; called for overthrow of government and wealthy ruling class and creation of new society of workers
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| sovereignty | "self rule"; an independent nation has sovereignty but Russia's satellite nations did not have sovereignty
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| command economy | government run, communistic economy where resources [jobs, housing, businesses, production] are controlled by a central authoritative government
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| market economy | based on "free enterprise" with private ownership by individuals/companies, and production is based on "supply and demand"
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| privatization | when government owned companies change over to privately owned companies
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| Russification | government policy that encouraged people to speak Russian & practice Eastern Russian Orthodox Christianity to exclude non-natives from living in Russia [such as Jews & Muslims]
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| socialism | belief in economic equality [all land is public and wealth is shared equally] in society proposed by Karl Marx
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| Bolshevik Party | Revolutionary group led by Vladimir Lenin to overthrow the czars in 1917-1922 and create the U.S.S.R. communist government
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| intelligentsia | Soviet-era government officials educated in technology & politics, considered the "intellectual elite" in U.S.S.R.
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| Shatter Belt | Region marked by conflict & aggression due to location "stuck" between opposing [cultural/political] groups
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| glasnost | means "openness" in Russian; allowed free exchange of ideas in post-Cold War period
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| perestroika | policy of economic reforms ["restructuring"] by Pres. Gorbachev in order to move Russia toward a democratic, free enterprise economy
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| Moscow | Capital city of Republic of Russia and country's industrial center; home to Kremlin
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| Kremlin | home of government in Russia, located in Moscow, official name is "Russian Federation"
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| czar | leader and "supreme ruler" in pre-Soviet-Era Russia
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| kolkhozes | Soviet-Era farms worked by farmers who shared some of the profits
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| sovkhozes | Soviet-Era farms that were run like factories with farmers who were paid wages only for work done and no profits
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| serf | peasant-type worker who is bound to the land and controlled by nobility landowners
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| Chernobyl Disaster | Fire in nuclear reactor in 1986 killed & displaced thousands of Russians causing international pressure to shut down dangerous reactors
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| Trans-Siberian Railway | 6,000 miles long connecting Moscow to Vladivostok in interior of Russia
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| cyrillic | Slavic type of writing used primarily in Russia with unique lettering and symbols
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| westernization | movement proposed by czar Peter I [Peter the Great] creating stronger military, education & trading to bring Russia into the modern age
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Created by:
poffmoore
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