UND Carb/Amyloid general information
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| Carbohydrates are commonly what? | starches or sugars that are the main energy source for the body
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| Carbohydrates are composed of what? | aldehydes and keytones w/ many hydroxyl groups added (organic and contain carbon, hydrogen and O2)
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| Name four classes of saccharides | Mono, di, oligo, poly
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| What defines a mono, di, oligo, and poly saccharide | mono is 1 (ie glucose or fructose), di (2 linked), oligo (a few linked), poly (many linked)
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| Why can't glucose and oligosaccharides be deomonstrated in tissue | They are extremely soluble in aqueous solutions
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| Why can glycogen be demonstrated V. glucose/oligosaccharides | It is not soluble in aqueous solutions because it is a poly saccharide
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| Glycogen is which of the 4 types of saccharides | Polysaccharide - it is a repeating disaccharide unit. Is made by the LIVER and is a good control spec.
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| What are the four polysaccharide groups | Neutral, Acid Mucopolysaccharides, Glycoprotein, Glycolipids
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| what can the neutral polysaccharide contain and what will it stain with and not. | contain glucose (ex glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin).
Stains POSITIVE w/ PAS, will NOT stain with alcian blue, colloidal iron, mucicarimine
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| what can the acid mucopolysaccharides contain | carboxylated groups, sulfated groups or BOTH
ex Hyaluronic acid (carboxylated group); sulfated groups found in aorta and cow cornea,
the combo of both "chondroitins" (found in cartilage and bone)
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| How does the acid mucopolysaccharides stain with PAS? and what is another name for the acid mucos'? | will stain PAS negative,
called connective tissue mucin because the cells that produce are fibroblasts, endothelial cells, osteocytes and mast cells (all non epithelial cells)
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| what can comprise the glycoproteins | can be neutral, carboxylated or sulfated & carboxylated
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| what are glycoproteins commonly called and why. How does the PAS stain | glycoproteins called epithelial mucins because they occur in columnar cells (in "the gut", salivary glands), but some can be in connective tissue (PAS positive but doesn't need to be)
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| What are glycolipids and how will they stain with PAS and FS LIPID stain | cerebrosides and phosphatides
*bind fatty residue with glycogen
Have Positive PAS and FS LIPID stain
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| name the 4 acid mucins (also called mucopolysaccharides) | Simple non-sulfated, Simple mesenchymal, Complex Sulfated, Complex Connective Tissue
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| what does the simple non-sulfated acid mucin contain and where is it found | contains sialic acid - found in epithelium of gall bladder and intestinal metaplasia of stomach
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| What are the positive stains for Simple non sulfated acid mucins (and what does it resist) | positive for PAS, alcian blue PH 2.5, colloidal iron, metachromatic dyes (stains diff color than itself) **Resists hyluronidaze digestion**
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| What does simple mesenchymal mucin contain and where is it found | contains hyluronic acid (and is digested with hyluronic acid). found in tissue stroma and sarcomas
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| what stains give positive reaction for Simple mesenchymal mucin. What about negative reaction? | Alcian blue 2.5ph, colloidal iron, metachromatic dyes. Has a NEGATIVE reaction for PAS
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| What are the best stains for the 4 Acid mucin types | PAS and Alcian Blue
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| Complex sulfated mucins are found where and resist what digestion? | found in adenocarcinomas, resist hyaluronidase digestion
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| what are complex sulfated mucins USUALLY positive for? | PAS, Alcian Blue PH 1, colloidal iron, mucicarmine and metachromatic stains
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| where are complex connective tissue mucins found | found in tissue stroma, cartilage, and bone (includes chondroitin sulfate, and keratin sulfate)
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| what are complex connective tissue mucins pos. and neg. for | positive for alcian blue at .5 ph, and negative for PAS
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| Amyloid means and contains | means "starch like", contains small amt of carbohydrate but mostly acid mucopolysaccharides *is mostly insoluble fibrous proteins*
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| Amyloid is typically found where? | certain disease conditions called amyloidosis
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| what is amyloidosis? | a group of diseases that deposit insoluble protein filaments in interstitial spaces of blood vessels and other organs (heart, kidney, lung, liver)
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| what are the two major types of amyloid? plus 1 extra? | Primary is AL (amyloid light chain), secondary is AA (amyloid associated), the extra is AB(beta) (found in alzheimers disease)
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| primary amyloid (AL) deposition occurs how and where | deposits of enzymatic altered immunoglobulins Kappa and Lambda *seen with myeloma (plasma cell neoplasm) associated amyloid
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| Primary Amyloid AL is derived from | (AL) amyloid light chain is derived from plasma cells and contain immunoglobulin light chains
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| secondary amyloid (AA) deposition occurs why | usually in response to chronic inflammatory processes (ie TB, osteomyolytis, rheumatoid arthritis)
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| secondary amyloid AA is comprised of what | an enzymatic altered protein made by the liver
*is non immunoglobin Vs. primary amyloid which contains immunoglobin*
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| what are the three stains that amyloid can be stained with | Thioflavin T, Crystal Violet, Congo Red (primary method that is used)
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