Pathophysiologic Concepts
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| Usually occurs as a result of ischemia or toxic injury | Necrosis
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| What is Necrosis characterized by? | -Cell rupture-Spilling of contents into the extracellular fluid and blood (this triggers release of certain enzymes depending on the location of the cell death).
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| What do elevated levels of amylase, creatine-MB, and troponin indicate? | Damage to the pancrease and cellular death in the heart. *Enzymes tell if there is cell death.
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| Necrosis | Inflammation (general malaise, elevated WBC count, loss of appetite)
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| What are the 4 types of tissue Necrosis | Coagulative, Liquefactive, Fat, Caseous
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| Coagulative | Heart tissue, kidney
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| Liquefactive | Brain
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| Fat | Pancreas
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| Caseous | Lung
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| Cellular death involving a large area of tissue. Usually results from interruption of major blood supply to a specific body part, such as toes, leg, or bowel. | Gangrene
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| Types of Gangrene | Dry-lower extremitiesWet-internal organsGas-blood stream
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| This type of adaptation usually occurs in cells that DO NOT UNDERGO mitotic division, sucha s differintiated muscle cells. | Hypertrophy
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| How can cells capable of mitotic division adapt? | Hyperplasia
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| Usually results from increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation. | Hyperplasia
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| An example of Hyperplasia | Elevated number of red blood cells in response to high altitude and liver enlargement in response to drug detoxification.
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| What does the chronic irritation of epithelial cells result in? | Calluses and/or corns (chronic friction)
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| What can Estrogen lead to? | An increase in enothelial and uterine stomal cells. This is why women on birth control have an increased risk for uterine cancer.
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| Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. | Metaplasia
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| Usually occurs wiht adaptation to persistent injury. Fully reversible when agent causing the injury is removed. Often involves replacement of glandular epithelium with squamous epithelium. Can occur with smoking. | Metaplasia
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| Disorganized appearance of cells (abnormal variations in size, shape, and arrangement). Represents adaptation that has gone wrong. Usually has a greater potential to develop into cancer. | Dyplasia
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| Occurs when cells shrink and reduce functions in response to a variety of normal and injurious factors. Can be attributed by more than one cause. | Atrophy
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| Causes of Atrophy | Disuse, denervation, ischemia, nutrient starvation, interruption of endocrine signals, persistent cell injury, and aging
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| Disuse | Immobilization by bedrest, casting of an extremity results in shrinkage. Resumes normal size when active again.
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| Denervation | Loss of nerve stimulation. Paraylysis can occur because no nerve impulses exist.
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| Ischemia | Inadequate blood supply to the tissues. If present in lower there is poor circulation which leads to thin skin, muscle wasting, and loss of hair.
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| Common sites of Ischemia | Heart, brain, kidneys, and lower leg.
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| Nutrient Starvation | Due to poor intake, absorption, or distribution to the tissues.
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| Interruption of endocrine signals | Glandular tissues such as the adrenal cortex, thyroid gland, and testicles depend on growth-stimulating signals to maintain size and function.
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| Persistent cell injury | Chronic inflammation and infection
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| Increase in cell mass accompanied by an augumented functional capacity. | Hypertrophy
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| What is cell Hypertrophy? | A response to increased demands. Hypertrophy usually subsides when the demand has decreased or is removed, but not always.
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| What does cellular enlargement result from? | A net increase in cellular protein content.
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| Do fat cells replicate? | No
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