The Musculoskeletal System
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| osseous | Bony; composed of bone; pertaining to bone.
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| osteoblast | A cell associated with the production of bone.
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| osteoclast | A large cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone.
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| osteocyte | A mature osteoblast.
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| collagen | A fibrous insoluble protein found in the white fibers of connective tissue including bone, ligaments, and tendons. When boiled, it becomes gelatin.
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| periosteum | The specialized connective tissue covering all the bones of the body.
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| endosteum | The connective tissue membrane lining the medullary cavity of bone.
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| medullary | Pertaining to bone marrow or the inner portion of an organ.
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| diaphysis | The portion of a long bone between its ends; the shafts of a bone.
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| epiphysis | The end of a long bone that is usually wider than the shaft. Contains a center for growth in length.
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| ossification | The formation of bone; the normal process of hardening of bone by calcification.
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| calcification | Deposit of calcium salts within bony tissues.
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| axis | A straight line (imaginery) passing through the center about which a body or part may rotate.
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| axial | Pertaining to or forming an axis.
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| appendidicular | Pertaining to an appendage such as a limb or extremity.
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| skeleton | The bony framework of the body consisting of 206 bones.
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| skeletal | Pertaining to the skeleton.
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| cranium | The skull; that portion of the skull which encloses the brain.
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| frontal | Pertaining to the forehead or forehead bone.
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| parietal | Pertaining to the two bones that form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium.
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| temporal | Pertaining to the temple or central sides of the cranium; of the two bones of the cranium located above and around each ear.
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| occipital | Pertaining to the back and most of the lower base of the skull.
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| sphenold | Wedge-shaped; pertaining to the bat-shaped bone that extends behind the eyes, forming the anterior base of the cranium and part of each orbit.
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| ethmoid | Sieve-like, pertaining to the delicate bone that forms much of the internal nasal structure and part of each orbit.
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| suture | One of the jagged seams that unite the adjoining bones of the skull.
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| fontanel | A space located at the junction of the sutures in the skull of the infant. The fontanels are often called "soft spots."
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| sinus | One of the eight air-filled cavities in the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity.
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| orbital | Pertaining to the orbit or eye socket.
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| zygoma | The cheekbone. The two zygomae form the bony arch that extends along the front and side of the skull below the orbits.
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| maxilla | One of the pair of bones forming the upper jaw.
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| maxillary | Pertaining to the upper jaw bone.
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| mandible | The lower jaw bone; horseshoe-shaped.
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| mandibular | Pertaining to the lower jaw bone.
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| nasal | Pertaining to the nose or one of the two bones that form the bridge of the nose.
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| vertebra | A backbone; any one of the bones of the spinal column.
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| intervertebral | Situatued between two adjacent verterbrae.
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| cervical | Pertaining to the neck; the seven cervical vertebrae are designated.
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| thoracic | Pertaining to the chest; the 12 thoracic vertebrae are designated.
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| sacrum | The large triangular bone near the lower end of the spinal column to which hip bones are attached. Composed of five fused vertebrae.
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| coccyx | The tail bone or small bone at the end of the spinal column. Formed by the fusion or several rudimentary vertebrae.
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| coccygeal | Pertaining to the coccyx or tail bone.
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| costa | A rib.
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| intercostal | Between the ribs; situated between the ribs.
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| sternum | The breastbone; a long flat bone shaped somewhat like a dagger and joined to the cartilages of most of the ribs anteriorly.
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| manubrium | The upper portion of the sternum.
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| xiphoid process | The lower end of the sternum.
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| pelvis | The large basin or cup-shaped ring of bone at the base of the spinal column. Sometimes referred to as the pelvic girdle. Consists of 2 bones, each of which is composed of 3 fused bones: the pubis, ischium and ilium.
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| pelvic | Pertaining to the pelvis or pelvic bone.
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| ilium | The superiormost (uppermost) bone of each pelvic bone. The widest of the 3 fused bones of the hip bone.
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| ischium | The inferoposterior bone of each of the pelvic or hip bones.
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| pubis | The inferoposterior bone of each of the hipbones (pubic bones).
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| symphysis pubis | The cartilaginous joint formed by the union of the 2 pubic bones at the midline.
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| clavicle | The collar bone or clavicula; a curved bone that joins with the sternum medially and the acromion process of the scapula.
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| clavicular | Pertaining to the collar bone.
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| scapula | The shoulder blade; a large flat triangular bone.
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| glenoid | Socket-like; resembling a socket.
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| acromion | The lateral extension of the projecting spine of the scapula. Projects over the shoulder joint forming the highest point of the shoulder.
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| humerus | The upper arm bone. The head of the proximal end fits into the glenoid cavity. The distal end articulates with the bones of the forearm.
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| radius | The shorter and thicker of the two forearm bones located on the side of the thumb.
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| ulna | The forearm bone on the side of the little finger that extends from the wrist to the elbow. The proximal end forms the olecranon process or elbow.
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| carpus | The eight bones of the wrist; the wrist.
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| metacarpus | The five bones of the hand between the wrist and fingers.
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| phalanx | Any bone of a finger or toe, each finger or toe having three such bones are the proximal, middle, and distal bones.
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| acetabulum | The hip socket; the cup-shaped cavity on the outer aspect of the hip bone.
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| os innominatum | The innomative (having no name) bone. It forms the lateral half of the pelvis.
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| os coxae | The hip bone or pelvic bone.
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| femur | The thigh bone; the longest, strongest bone in the human body.
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| patella | The knee-cap; a small flat triangular bone located in front of the knee joint within the inserting tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle.
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| tibia | The shin bone; the medial, larger bone of the lower leg.
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| fibula | The smaller lateral bone of the lower leg. One of the longest and thinnest bones of the body.
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| tarsus | The ankle; the 7 bones of the ankle including the heel bone.
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| calcaneus | The heel bone; the irregular bone at the back of the tarsus. Also called the calcaneum and os calcis.
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| metatarsus | The part of the foot between the tarsus and the toes; the 5 long bones that extend from the tarsus tot the toes; the 5 long bones that extend from the tarsus to the toes. Also called the metatarsals and metatarsal bones.
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| phalangeal | Pertaining to the phalanx or the phalanges.
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| condyle | A rounded knobby projection at the end of a bone that fits into a joint.
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| malleolus | The rounded bony prominence or projection on either side of the ankle joint. The medial malleolus is located at the distal end of the tibia; the lateral malleolus at the distal end of the fibula.
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| fossa | A furrow or depression in a bone or other structure.
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| olecranon | The large process of the ulna forming the bony preminence of the elbow.
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| foramen | A natural opening, especially in a bone, that may pass into or through the bone.
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| meatus | A tube-shaped passage.
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| mastoid | Formed like a breast or nipple; pertaining to the mastoid process of the temporal bone (projection behind the ear).
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| process | A noticable projection of the bone.
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| articulation | A joint; the junction of two or more bones.
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| ligament | A band of strong fibrous connective tissue serving to hold the articular ends of bones together or to hold organs in place.
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| tendon | A strong cord of fibrous connective tissue serving to attach muscles to bones.
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| bursa | A small closed sac containing synovial fluid, usually found within joint areas (between moving parts) subject to friction.
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| meniscus | A crescent-shaped fibrocartilage in the knee joint. Each knee has a medial and a lateral meniscus which act as cushions between the ends of the bones in the knee joint.
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| retinaculum | Tight transverse fibrous bands or ligaments that serve to bind down the tendons close to the bones as they pass over a joint.
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