WVSOM Class of 2012 Developmental Defects
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| what is the most sensitive period for teratogenesis? | 3-8 weeks
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| how does situs inversus happen? | defective morphogen genes from hensen's node
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| how does caudaldysgenesis happen? | insufficient mesoderm in caudalmost embryo
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| what is holoprosencephaly? what causes it? | deficiency of midline craniofacial structures from disruption of forebrain development; fetal alcohol syndrome
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| what is the name for when the neural tube fails to close? | spinal dysraphism
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| what are the 4 spina bifidas? | occulta, cystica, meningocele, and meningomyelocele
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| what are the symptoms of meningomyeloceles? | incontinence, csf leak, flaccid paralysis, and hydrocephaly
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| if the neural tube fails to close in brain vesicles, what happens? | ancephaly
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| amniocentesis shows what elevation in defects? | alpha-fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase
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| Malformations arising during development, produced by environmental, not genetic, insults are what? | developmental defects
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| disorders present at birth, produced by environmental and/or genetic causes. These can be morphological, behavioral and metabolic: | Birth Defects, Congenital Anomalies
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| malformations produced over a prolonged period of time due to persistent molding forces, e.g. cranial shape change due to decreased amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios): | deformation
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| malformations produced after the initial formation of a normal structure, due to abruptly occurring destructive forces, e.g. amniotic band disruption complexes causing in utero amputation: | disruption
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| morphological anomalies are called what? | congenital malformations
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| what is an extreme example of caudal dysgenesis? | sirenomelia
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| spina bifida occulta is a ___ neural tube defect while spina bifida meningomyelocele is a ____ neural tube defect: | closed; open
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| dysraphism is most common at what points in the neural tube? | L5 or S1
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| Hydrocephaly and neurologic deficit is more common with ____ defects, urinary incontinence with ____ defects | anterior; posterior
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| what is a CSF-filled meningeal sac? | cranial meningocele
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| what is a CSF-filled meningeal sac that contains brain tissue? | cranial encephalocele
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| dizygotic twins are what? monozygotic? | fraternal, identical
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| if dyzygotic blastocysts implant in close proximity, what structures can be fused? | chorion, placenta
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| what is most common scenario for monozygotic twins, that is, when do they split? | embryoblast of the blastocyst splits in two
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| in monozygotic twins, if the embryoblast splits in two, what structures become fused? | chorion, placenta
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| in the case of monozygotic twins, when there is a split in the bilaminar stage just before formation of the primitive streak, what structures are fused? | chorion, placenta, amnion
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| in monozygotic twins, if the split occurs at the 2-cell embryo stage, what structures will be fused? | none
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| when a twin resorbs another twin, the mummified body is known as a what? | fetus papyraceus
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| if the embryoblast or germ disc does not separate completely, what condition develops? | conjoined twins
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| Conjoined twins are most common in what type of pregnancy? | monoamniotic
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