Nutrition - Part 1
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| Breakdown of biochemicals into simpler substances | catabolism
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| Proteins that must be ingested | essential amino acids
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| Organic substances essential to normal metabolism | vitamins
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| The client should adopt a balanced eating pattern that includes | a variety of nutrient-dense foods and beverages among the basic food groups.
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| The nurse should encourage the client to consume | fruits, vegetables, whole-grain products, and fat-free or low-fat milk while staying within energy needs.
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| Total fat intake should be kept between | 20% and 35% of total calories with most fats coming from polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fatty acids.
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| The client should choose and prepare foods and beverages with little added | sugars or sweeteners and foods with little salt while at the same time eating potassium-rich foods.
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| The nurse is teaching a client about healthy nutrition. The nurse recognizes that the client understands the teaching when the client makes which of the following statements? | "I will make sure that I eat a balanced diet and exercise regularly."
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| Proteins provide a source of energy and are essential for | synthesis (building) of body tissue in growth, maintenance, and repair.
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| Proteins are also required for | blood clotting, fluid regulation, and acid-base balance.
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| Fats are important for | metabolic processes.
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| Vitamins are chemicals used as | catalysts in biochemical reactions. They are essential to normal metabolism and are present in small amounts in foods.
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| Which action should the nurse take initially to verify correct positioning of a newly placed small-bore feeding tube? | Place an order for a radiograph to check position.
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| Based on knowledge of peptic ulcer disease (PUD), the nurse anticipates the presence of which bacteria when reviewing the laboratory data for a client suspected of having PUD? | H. pylori is a bacterium that causes peptic ulcers, and its presence can be confirmed by laboratory tests. It is treated with antibiotics that control the bacterial infection.
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| Gastric residual aspirate of __ indicates that the client is not digesting the food. | 300 mL
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| Factors that affect serum albumin levels include | hydration; hemorrhage; renal or hepatic disease; large amounts of drainage from wounds, drains, burns, or the gastrointestinal tract; steroid administration; exogenous albumin infusions; age; and trauma, burns, stress, or surgery.
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| A normal serum albumin level is | 4.0 g/dl.
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| The pH of gastric contents is low and acidic (__ or less), whereas the pH of the small intestine is higher because of the bicarbonate released. | 3
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| Water-soluble vitamins are eliminated | daily; they are not stored. Thus they must be consumed daily. Although toxicity may occur with megavitamin intake, the possibility of toxicity is low.
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| A healthy diet should provide the necessary amount of __ vitamins without the need for supplementation. | water-soluble
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| Metabolism | biochemical reactions within cells of the body – ongong process in the body that converts nutrients and converts them to energy so the body can use it.
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| Anabolism occurs when an individual | adds lean muscle through diet and exercise.
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| Starvation is an example of | catabolism, when wasting of body tissues occurs.
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| Catabolism of glycogen into glucose, carbon dioxide, and water | glycogenolysis
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| Anabolism of glucose into glycogen for storage | glycogenesis
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| Catabolism of amino acids and glycerol into glucose for energy | gluconeogenesis
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| This throws us into a negative nitrogen balance. | Malnourishment
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| __ is main organ in which metabolism occurs. | Liver
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| All body cells except red blood cells and neurons oxidize fatty acids into __ for energy when dietary carbohydrates (glucose) are not adequate. | ketones
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| Basal metabolic rate (BMR) | energy requirement of a person at rest – illness raises this. Zero activity.
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| Resting energy expenditure (REE) | a measurement that accounts for BMR + energy to digest meals and perform mild activity – this is our resting metabolic rate – equivalent to amount o calories needed to meet the basic metabolic activities. – breathing, sitting, getting out of bed.
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| Macronutrients | nutrients that provide energy – carbs, fats
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| Micronutrients | essential nutrients the body needs small amounts of like vitamins and minerals.
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| Daily adult requirement of carbohydrates | 50 to 100 grams per day
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| Each gram of carbohydrate produces 4 kcal and serves as the main source of fuel (glucose) for | the brain, skeletal muscles during exercise, erythrocyte and leukocyte production, and cell function of the renal medulla.
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| Simple (based on sacciride unit): monosaccride | water soluble; glucose, dextrose & fructose; can’t be broken down further and is in its most basic form
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| Complex Carb | insoluble in water; can be broken down further; example: starches
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| Soluble fiber | digestible; prevents some diseases; includes pectin, guar hum, and mucilage
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| Form collagen, hormones, enzymes (like from pancreas), DNA synthesis –need collagen to heal the wounds and rebuild skin and tissues damaged. Need this to adequately heal. | protein
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| Necessary for blood clotting – plays a role in the clotting cascade, fluid balance, and acid/base balance | protein – blood clotting
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| There are 9 essential ___. | amino acids
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| There are 8 non essential __. | amino acids - can be linked together; e.g. albumin and insulin
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| Daily requirement of protein | 0.8-1g/kg/d
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| Categories of proteins that lack essential amino acids but can be combined | Cereals, legumes (beans (lentils), peas, vegetables.
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| Not enough protein could lead to | anemia
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| Positive nitrogen balance is needed for? | growth, maintenance of lean muscle mass & vital organs, normal pregnancy, and wound healing
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| Who are at risk for negative nitrogen balance? | Infection, sepsis, burns, fever, starvation, head injury, trauma
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| Deficiency occurs when fat intake falls below__of daily nutrition. | 10%
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| Fatty acids | chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an acid on one and a methyl group on the other
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| Fat intake should be __of calories consumed | 20% to 30%
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| Animal fat – saturated (butter, shortening, lard) – less than | 10% of consumption
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| How many mL of water each day? | 2 Liters or 1920 mL – Eight, 8 ounces
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| Vitamins | organic substances present in small amounts in foods; essential to normal metabolism.
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| Antioxidants | beta-carotene, vitamins A, C, and E.
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| Fat soluble vitamins | A, D, E, & K; can be stored
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| The water-soluble vitamins are vitamin | C and the B complex (which is eight vitamins)
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| Vit A | Cell differentiation, reproduction, vision (light from dark adaptation). Found in carrots, fish oils, butter, milk and eggs
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| Vit D | helps to regulate calcium and phosphorus – unique because it is made by the skin when exposed to sun. Unique because of this fact. Found in liver, sardines
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| Vitamin K | Very important – clotting cascade, needed for thrombin formation, produced from the bacteria in our intestines. Green leafy vegetables
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| Vit C | collegan formation – citrus fruits, orange juice, tomatoes, broccoli, green vegetables.
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| Vit B-12 | 2.4 micrograms per day coboalamine or cyanocobalamine - prevent pernicious anemia, found in animal sources – helps synthesize RBCs., intrinsic factor – produced in our stomach - Meat, poultry, cereals that have been fortified, eggs, cheese. Deficiency ca
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| Minerals are classified as macrominerals when the daily requirement is | 100 mg or more and microminerals or trace elements (selenium, zinc) when less than 100 mg is needed daily.
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Created by:
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