Extra Evolve Resources for Test 2 - Part 1
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| Exchange in both directions between plasma and interstitial fluid is governed by? | diffusion, oxmotic factors, and hydrostatic pressure.
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| Colloid osmotic pressure is caused by? | proteins
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| Osmotic pressure is created by | sodium
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| Capillary fluid flow is related to difference of pressure between | arterial and venous ends of capillaries
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| What pushes water, electrolytes, and nutrients through capillary walls? | arterial hydrostatic pressure (caused by pumping action of heart)
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| What pulls water, electrolytes, and cell waste into capillaries? | venous colloid pressure (caused by plasma proteins)
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| What elements are carried between the blood and cells? | oxygen, co2, nutrients, cell waste, and electrolytes.
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| What helps govern the movement of materials between the blood an cells? | diffusion, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure
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| Fluid shifts can occur in several ways | decreased vacular colloid osmotic pressure, increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction.
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| What results in low colloid osmotic pressure? | A decrease in serum protein due to malnutrition, burns, nephrosis, or liver disease
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| What would be the result of low colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure? | Less water pulled into the blood vessels from the interstitial spaces.
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| Colloid oncotic pressure pulls fluid | back into blood vessels at the venous end of the capillary bed.
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| If less water is pulled back into the blood vessel from the interstitial space, total blood volume will decrease. |
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| Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure can cause fluids and solutes to be forced out of blood vessels which would increase the amount of fluid in the | interstitial space.
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| What causes proteins to leak into interstitial space? | burns or trauma
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| What conditions would cause vasodilation? | inflammation, burns, or allergic reactions – causes increased capillary permeability and causes edema.
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| Obstruction to lymph capillaries would creat? | edema because lymph fluid is forced out into the interstitial space.
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| Hypervolemia is? | Na and water excess – occur during excess Na+ intake, heart failure, aldosteronism, cushing’s syndrome, corticosteroid drugs.
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| During hypervolemia, serum sodium levels may be | normal or decreased.
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| During hypervolemia, BUN levels would be | low
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| Hypovolemia will activate | all regulartory mechanisms like – kidneys, adrenal gland, ADH, CNS – body will attempt to conserve water and Na+ to increase blood volume.
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| Hypovolemia results in? | lower CO, reduced BP, and decreased renal blood flow – ADH secretion increases, and the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin mechanism is triggered.
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| Reduced renal blood flow results in? | activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mech
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| Low blood volume reduces stretch on carotid Baroreceptors which then thriggers? | ADH relase from anterior pituitary gland.
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| What is “third spacing”? | a shift of fluid from vascular bed to interstitial space – vascular volume is reduced, but person will have edematous tissue – caused by lymph obstruction, heart failure, decreased plasma proteins of malnutrition, burns, kidneys, inflammation, or kidney d
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| Signs of hypovolemia? | drop in BP, urine output less than 30 mL/hr, weak rapid pulse, dry mucous membranes, low body temp, flat neck veins.
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| Pregnant woman has edema due to? | pressure of baby on veins increasing venous hydrostatic pressure.
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| Why patient has edema due to thermal burns? | increased capillary permeability allows protein molecules to go to the third space
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| During hemorrhage, heart rate | increases
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| Which assessment finding would be indicative of fluid volume excess? | moist rales
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| If person hemorrhages, what compartment is losing fluid? | vascular
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| If fluid moves from interstitial space to blood, what would skin have? | dryness with poor turgor.
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| If decrease in ECF volume, it becomes hypertonic and the ___ stimulate the ___ to increase ADH output. | hypothalamus, pituitary
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| What influences thirst and ADH output? | osmolarity – rapid secretion of ADH will occur with high solute concentrations.
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| What occurs when we are thirsty? | ADH secreted, Renin-angiotensis-aldosterone activated, water and sodium retained, urine output decreases.
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| Glucose attracts? | water – it is an osmotic diuretic
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| If blood sugar is high and kidneys filter out some of the excess sugar, what will be the result? | water will be eliminated
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| If water follows glucose out of the kidney, total blood volume will then | decrease
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| What are the main negatively charged intravascular fluid anions? | plasma proteins – the pull water into vascular space and balance the positive charge of sodium in osmolarity.
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| Concentration of plasma proteins is greater in | vascular bed
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| ADH acts on? | renal collecting tubes
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| How will increased osmolarity affect ADH output? | It will cause the pituitary to release ADH.
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| What effect do prostaglandins have on renal capillaries? | It dilates them and increases blood flow to kidneys.
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| If patient has lost vascular volume, their skin would be? | Cold and clammy
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| What would patient with high blood sugar and sugar in the urine experience regarding urine output and blood volume? | output would increase (due to glucose pulling water), and blood volume would increase (due to diuresis).
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| If hydrogen is greater than potassium, kidney tubules will secrete | Hydrogen instead of potassium – causing serum potassium levels to rise.
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| Increased potassium levels stimulate | aldosterone release from adrenal gland with promotes potassium loss in the urine.
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| Potassium balance effects cells how? | cells will fire excessively with little stimulation or will barely respond to stimulation.
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| How does hypokalemia affect the heart? | Arrest can occur
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| Hypokalemia can result in metabolic | alkalosis
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| Hypokalemia will result in __uria | poly
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| What kind of fibrillation will occur with hypokalemia? | ventricular and PVC
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| Hyperkalemia results in __uria | olig or anuria
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| What will potassium levels be in patient with burns? | high – because cell damage has occurred and potassium is leaking out.
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| Which hormone is essential in control of potassium? | aldosterone
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| In metabolic acidosis (high hydrogen and low pH), what would be serum potassium levels? | high serum potassium and increased urinary hydrogen.
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| With increase or decrease in potassium levels, you would assess for changes in? | cardiac rhythm
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| What nursing action is appropriate with a patient who had had potassium chloride added to the IV for several days? | ask for lab work; observe for bradycardia
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| Which natremia is relatively uncommon? | hyponatremia – due to excess water
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| Hyponatremia does what to person’s mental state? | confusion, seizures
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Created by:
Ladystorm